Chapter 5

Question 1

Ambivalent Sexism

Answer 1

A form of sexism characterized by attitudes about women that reflect both negative, resentful beliefs and feelings and affectionate and chivalrous but potentially patronizing beliefs and feelings

Question 2

Aversive Racism

Answer 2

Racism that concerns the ambivalence between fair-minded attitudes and beliefs on the one hand and unconscious and unrecognized prejudicial feelings and beliefs on the other

Question 3

Contact Hypothesis

Answer 3

The theory that direct contact between hostile groups will reduce intergroup prejudice under certain conditions

Question 4

Discrimination

Answer 4

Behaviour directed against persons because of their membership in a particular group

Question 5

Illusory Correlation

Answer 5

An overestimate of the association between variables that are only slightly or not at all correlated

Question 6

Implicit Racism

Answer 6

Racism that operates unconsciously and unintentionally

Question 7

Ingroup Favoritism

Answer 7

The tendency to discriminate in favour of ingroups over outgroups

Question 8

Ingroups

Answer 8

Groups with which an individual feels a sense of membership, belonging, and identity

Question 9

Jigsaw Classroom

Answer 9

A cooperative learning method used to reduce racial prejudice through interaction in group efforts

Question 10

Modern Racism

Answer 10

A form of prejudice that surfaces in subtle ways when it is safe, socially acceptable, and easy to rationalize

Question 11

Outgroup Homogeneity Effect

Answer 11

The tendency to assume that there is greater similarity among members of outgroups than among members of ingroups

Question 12

Outgroups

Answer 12

Groups with which an individual does not feel a sense of membership, belonging, or identity

Question 13

Prejudice

Answer 13

Negative feelings toward persons based on their membership in certain groups

Question 14

Racism

Answer 14

Prejudice and discrimination based on a person’s racial background, or institutional and cultural practices that promote the domination of one racial group over another

Question 15

Realistic Conflict Theory

Answer 15

The theory that hostility between groups is caused by direct competition for limited resources

Question 16

Relative Deprivation

Answer 16

Feelings of discontent aroused by the belief that one fares poorly compared with others

Question 17

Sexism

Answer 17

Prejudice and discrimination based on a person’s gender, or institutional and cultural practices that promote the domination of one gender over another

Question 18

Social Categorization

Answer 18

The classification of persons into groups on the basis of common attributes

Question 19

Social Dominance Orientation

Answer 19

A desire to see one’s ingroup as dominant over other groups and a willingness to adopt cultural values that facilitate oppression over other groups

Question 20

Social Identity Theory

Answer 20

The theory that people favour ingroups over outgroups in order to enhance their self-esteem

Question 21

Social Role Theory

Answer 21

The theory that small gender differences are magnified in perception by the contrasting social roles occupied by men and women

Question 22

Stereotype Content Model

Answer 22

A model proposing that the relative status and competition between groups influence group stereotypes along the dimensions of competence and warmth

Question 23

Stereotypes

Answer 23

A belief or association that links a whole group of people with certain traits or characteristics

Question 24

Stereotype Threat

Answer 24

The experience of concern about being evaluated based on negative stereotypes about one’s group

Question 25

Stigmatized

Answer 25

Being persistently stereotyped, percieved as deviant, and devalued in society because of membership in a particular social group or because of a particular characteristic

Question 26

Subliminal Presentations

Answer 26

A method of presenting stimuli so faintly or rapidly that people do not have any conscious awareness of having been exposed to them

Question 27

Superordinate Goals

Answer 27

A shared goal that can be achieved only through cooperation among individuals or groups

Question 28

System Justification Theory

Answer 28

A theory that proposes that people are motivated (at least in part) to defend and justify the existing social, political, and economic conditions

Question 29

People tend to perceive racially ambiguous faces as darker and associate them with more negative implicit traits when labeled as black

Answer 29

According to research on social categorization, how are people's perceptions affected by race?

Question 30

Participants thought Muslims were more aggressive and supported harmful policies targeting Muslims

Answer 30

According to the podcast, what did Muniba Saleem's study find about the effects of watching negative news clips about Muslims?

Question 31

People experienced greater cohesion with their in-groups and become more patriotic

Answer 31

According to Muniba Saleem in the podcast, what psychological effect did reminders of death, such as those from Sept. 11, have on people?

Question 32

Ingroup members have little information concerning outgroup members

Answer 32

According to the outgroup homogeneity effect, why do ingroup members perceive outgroup members as similar?

Question 33

Increasing positive contact with Muslims to reduce biases

Answer 33

According to Muniba Saleem in the podcast, what is an effective way to combat the psychological biases produced by terrorism?

Question 34

People associated criminality with African-Americans as a group but saw white perpetrators as individual exceptions

Answer 34

According to the podcast, what did Shanto Lyengar's study reveal about perceptions of crime based on the race of the perpetrator?

Question 35

Gender stereotypes describe what people think men and women should be like, not just what they are like

Answer 35

How do gender stereotypes differ from other types of stereotypes?

Question 36

A rise in unemployment rates

Answer 36

Based on realistic conflict theory, what factor was found to increase support for discrimination against ethnic minority groups in the Netherlands?

Question 37

When their basic self-protection motives are activated, such as during a threatening situation or economic scarcity

Answer 37

According to research on fundamental motives between groups, when are individuals more likely to exhibit prejudice toward outgroup?