Chapter 8 Flashcards
(23 cards)
Biased Sampling
The tendency for groups to spend more time discussing shared information (information already known by all or most group members) than unshared information (information known by only one or a few group members)
Brainstorming
A technique that attempts to increase the production of creative ideas by encouraging group members to speak freely without criticizing their own or other’s contributions
Collective Effort Model
The theory that individuals will exert effort on a collective task to the degree that they think their individual efforts will be important, relevant, and meaningful or achieving outcomes that they value
Collective Intelligence
The general ability of a group to perform well across a wide range of different tasks
Deindividuation
The loss of a person’s sense of individuality and the reduction of normal constraints against deviant behaviour
Distraction-Conflict Theory
A theory that the presence of others will produce social facilitation effects only when those others distract from the task and create attentional conflict
Evaluation Apprehension Theory
A theory that the presence of others will produce social facilitation effects only when those others are seen as potential evaluators
Group
A set of individuals who interact over time and have shared fate, goals, or identity
Group Cohesiveness
The extent to which forces push group members closer together, such as through feelings of intimacy, unity, and commitment to group goals
Group Polarization
The exaggeration of initial tendencies in the thinking of group members through group discussion
Group Support Systems
Specialized interactive computer programs that are used to guide group meetings, collaborative work, and decision-making processes
Groupthink
A group decision-making style characterized by an excessive tendency among group members to seek concurrence
Integrative Agreement
A negotiated resolution to a conflict in which all parties obtain outcomes that are superior to what they would have obtained from an equal division of the contested resources
Mere Presence
The proposition that the mere presence of others is sufficient to produce social facilitation effects
Prisoner’s Dilemma
A type of dilemma in which one party must make either cooperative or competitive moves in a relation to another party. The dilemma is typically designed so that the competitive move appears to be in one’s self-interest, but if both sides make this move, both suffer more than if both had cooperated
Process Gain
The increase in group performance so that the group outperforms the individuals who make up the group
Process Loss
The reduction in group performance due to obstacles created by group processes, such as problems of coordination and motivation
Resource Dilemmas
Social dilemmas involving how two or more people will share a limited resource
Social Dilemma
A situation in which a self-interested choice by everyone will create the worst outcome for everyone
Social Facilitation
A process whereby the presence of others enhances performance on easy tasks but impairs performance on difficult tasks
Social Identity Model of Deindividuation Effects (SIDE)
A model of group behaviour that explains deindividuation effects as the result of a shift from personal identity to social identity
Social Loafing
A group-produced reduction in individual output on tasks where contributions are pooled
Transactive Memory
A shared system for remembering information that enables multiple people to remember information together more efficiently than they could do so alone
