Chapter 6: Learning (Exam 2)

Question 1

Unlearned Behaviors

Answer 1

instincts, reflexes

Question 2

Reflex

Answer 2

a motor or neural reaction to a specific stimulus in the environment

Question 3

Instinct

Answer 3

an innate behavior that is triggered by a broader range of events

Question 4

Learning

Answer 4

permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience

Question 5

Observational Learning

Answer 5

learning by watching others and then initiating what they do

Question 6

Operant Conditioning

Answer 6

organisms learn to associate a behavior and its consequences

Question 7

Classical Conditioning

or: Pavlonian Conditioning

Answer 7

organisms learn to associate events, or stimuli, that repeatedly happen together

Question 8

Unconditioned Stimulus

Answer 8

a stimulus that elicits a reflexive response in an organism

Pavlov’s Dog: the food

Question 9

Unconditioned Response

Answer 9

natural/unlearned reaction to a given stimulus

Pavlov’s Dog: prior to the experiment, the dog drools at the sight of food

Question 10

Neural Stimulus

Answer 10

stimulus that does not naturally elicit a response

Pavlov’s Dog: prior the experiment, the bell ringing

Question 11

Conditioned Stimulus

Answer 11

stimulus that elicits a response after repeatedly being paired with an unconditioned stimulus

Pavlov’s Dog: the bell, as it is paired with the food (the unconditioned stimulus) during the experiment

Question 12

Conditioned Response

Answer 12

behavior caused by the conditioned stimulus

Pavlov’s Dog: after the experiment, the dog drools when it hears the bell ring

Question 13

Reinforcement

Answer 13

increasing behavior

Question 14

Positive Reinforcement

Answer 14

desirable stimulus is added to increase the likelihood of a behavior

e.g. getting a paycheck, getting a high grade on a test

Question 15

Negative Reinforcement

Answer 15

undesirable stimulus is removed to increase the likelihood of a behavior

e.g. getting up in the morning to turn off an alarm clock

Question 16

Punishment

Answer 16

decreasing behavior

Question 17

Positive Punishment

Answer 17

undesirable stimulus is added to decrease the likelihood of a behavior

e.g. a parent spanking or giving chores to a disobedient child

Question 18

Negative Punishment

Answer 18

desirable stimulus is removed to decrease the likelihood of a behavior

e.g. taking away a cellphone

Question 19

Fixed Interval

Answer 19

reinforcement is delivered at predictable time intervals

e.g. students leave a class when the bell rings

Question 20

Variable Interval

Answer 20

reinforcement is delivered at unpredictable time intervals

e.g. mail can be delivered at 1 PM or 3 PM

Question 21

Fixed Ratio

Answer 21

reinforcement is delivered after a predictable number of responses

e.g. one recieves a quarter for every soda returned

Question 22

Variable Ratio

Answer 22

reinforcement is delivered after an unpredictable number of responses

e.g. slot machines pay of after a random number of plays

Question 23

Acquisition

Answer 23

initial period of learning

Question 24

Extinction

Answer 24

decrease of the conditioned response

Question 25

Recovery

Answer 25

when **extinguished**, or extinct behavior, **returns** *after a resting period*

Question 26

Stimulus Discrimination

Answer 26

when an organism learns to **respond differently** to various stimuli that are similar

Question 27

Model

Answer 27

individuals **performing** the ***imitated behavior***

Question 28

Bandura's Social Learning Theory (SLT)

Answer 28

states that observational learning is more than just imitating

Question 29

According to SLT, what happens during observational learning?

Answer 29

1. One **learns** a new **response**. 2. One chooses to **imitate** the modeling *depending* on **what they saw happen** to the model. 3. One learns a **general rule** that can be *applied* to other situations.

Question 30

Steps in the Modeling Process

Answer 30

1. Attention 2. Retention 3. Reproduction 4. Motivation

Question 31

Attention

Answer 31

to **focus** on what the model is doing

Question 32

Retention

Answer 32

to **remember** what was **observed**

Question 33

Reproduction

Answer 33

to **perform** a behavior that was *observed* and *committed to memory*

Question 34

Motivation

Answer 34

the **want to copy** a behavior is *dependent* on the ***motivation*** to do so

Question 35

Prosocial Effects

Answer 35

used to ***encourage* acceptable behavior** ## Footnote models should do exactly what they want their learners to do

Question 36

Antisocial Effects

Answer 36

**aggressive or negative behaviors** will be ***copied***, which explains why children who are *victims of abuse* are likely to *become abusers* when they are older