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MICROBIO > CHAPTER 8 > Flashcards

CHAPTER 8 Flashcards

1
Q

refers to events that occur outside the body,

A

vitro

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2
Q

refers to events that occur inside the body.)

A

vivo

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3
Q

factors that affect microbial growth

A

the availability of nutrients
moisture,
temperature,
pH
osmotic pressure
barometric pressure
composition of the atmosphere.

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4
Q

Cells are composed of
between __% and ___%
water.

A

70 - 95

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5
Q

There are certain microbial stageshowever, that can survive the complete drying process this is called

A

dessication

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6
Q

Microorganisms that grow
best at high temperatures are
called

A

thermophiles

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7
Q

Microbes that grow best at moderate temperatures
are called

A

mesophiles.

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8
Q

This group includes most of the
species that grow on plants and animals and in warm soil and water.

A

mesophiles.

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9
Q

prefer cold
temperatures. They thrive in cold ocean water. At high altitudes, algae (often pink) can be seen living on snow.

A

Psychrophiles

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10
Q

Microorganisms that prefer warmer
temperatures, but can tolerate or endure very cold temperatures and can be preserved in the frozen state, are
known as

A

psychroduric organisms.

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11
Q

Most
microorganisms prefer a neutral or slightly alkaline
growth medium

A

(pH 7.0–7.4),

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12
Q

microbes such as those that can live in the stomach and in pickled foods, prefer a pH of 2 to 5.

A

(acidophiles),

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13
Q

the only
human pathogen that grows well above pH 8.

A

Vibrio
cholerae

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14
Q

is the pres-
sure that is exerted on a cell membrane by solutions both
inside and outside the cell.

A

Osmotic pressure

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15
Q

When the concentration of solutes in the environment outside of a cell is greater than the concentration of solutes inside the cell, the solution in which the cell is suspended is said to be

A

hypertonic.

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16
Q

is defined as the movement of a solvent , through a permeable membrane, from a solution having a lower concentration of solute to a solution hav-
ing a higher concentration of solute.

A

Osmosis

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17
Q

the loss of water causes the cell to shrink; this shrinkage is called

A

crenation

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18
Q

Instead, the cell membrane and cytoplasm shrink away from the cell wall. This condition, known as

A

plasmolysis,

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19
Q

Cells swell up, and
sometimes burst,
when placed into

A

hypotonic solution.

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20
Q

If sufficient water enters, the cell will
burst (lyse). In the case of erythrocytes, this bursting is called

A

hemolysis.

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21
Q

cells having rigid cell walls such as plant cells and bacteria. If the pressure becomes so great
that the cell ruptures, the escape of cytoplasm from the cell is referred to as

A

plasmoptysis.

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22
Q

When the concentration of solutes outside a cell equals the concentration of solutes inside the cell, the so-
lution is said to be

A

isotonic.

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23
Q

Those microbes that actually prefer salty environments are
called

A

halophilic,

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24
Q

Organisms that do not prefer to live in salty environments but are capable of surviving
there

A

haloduric organisms.

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25
Q

known as ___, thrive deep
in the ocean and in oil wells, where the atmospheric
pressure is very high.

A

piezophiles

26
Q

The media (sing., medium) that are used in microbiology
laboratories to culture bacteria are referred to as

A

artificial
media or synthetic media,

27
Q

medium is one in which all the ingredients are
known; this is because the medium was prepared in the
laboratory by adding a certain number of grams of each
of the components

A

chemically
defined

28
Q

medium is one in which the exact contents are not known. Complex media contain ground up or digested extracts from animal organs (e.g., hearts, liv-
ers, brains), fish, yeasts, and plants, which provide the necessary nutrients, vitamins, and minerals.

A

complex media

29
Q

The time it takes for one
cell to become two cells by binary fission is called the

A

gen-
eration time.

30
Q

Bacteria multiply by

A

binary fission.

31
Q

is a broth or solid medium containing a rich supply of special nutrients that promotes the
growth of fastidious organisms. It is usually prepared by adding extra nutrients to a
medium called nutrient agar.

A

enriched medium

32
Q

is practiced in the
microbiology laboratory
to prevent infection of
individuals and
contamination of the
work environment,
clinical specimens,
and cultures.

A

Aseptic technique

33
Q

A bacterial population
growth curve consists
of four phases:

A

Lag
Log
Stationary
Death

34
Q

during which the bacteria absorb nutrients, synthesize enzymes, and prepare for cell division.

A

lag phase

35
Q

what phase wherethe bacteria multiply so rapidly that the number of organisms doubles with each generation time

A

Log phase

36
Q

The bacteria do not increase in number during the

A

Lag phase

37
Q

It is during this phase
that the culture is at its greatest population density.

A

Stationary phase

38
Q

is used to determine the number of viable bacteria in a liquid sample, such as milk, water, ground food diluted in water, or a broth culture.

A

viable plate count

39
Q

describes the
elimination of most or all
pathogens (except bacterial
spores) from nonliving objects.

A

Disinfection

40
Q

involves the destruction or elimination of all microbes,

A

Sterilization

41
Q

is a drug or chemical that inhibits reproduction of microorganisms, but does not necessarily kill them.

A

microbiostatic agent

42
Q

one that specifically inhibits the metabolism and reproduction of bacteria.

A

bacteriostatic agent

43
Q

is a process
that combines dehydration (dry-
ing) and freezing.

A

Lyophilization

44
Q

the most practical, efficient, and inexpensive method of sterilization of those inanimate objects and materials that

can withstand high tempera-
tures.

A

Heat

45
Q

refers to the presence of pathogens in blood or tissues,

A

sepsis

46
Q

is the prevention of infection.

A

antisepsis

47
Q

any particular species of
microorganism is the lowest temperature that will kill all
the organisms in a standardized pure culture within a
specified period.

A

thermal death point (TDP)

48
Q

is the
length of time necessary to sterilize a pure culture at a
specified temperature.

A

thermal death time (TDT)

49
Q

an effective means of destroying contaminated disposable materials.

A

Incineration

50
Q

is like a large
metal pressure cooker that uses
steam under pressure to completely destroy all microbial
life

A

autoclave

51
Q

cleaners consist of tanks filled with liquid solvent (usually water); the short sound waves are then passed through the liquid.

A

Ultrasonic Waves

52
Q

Antimicrobial chemical
agents that can safely
be applied to skin

A

Antiseptics

53
Q
  1. It would be necessary to use a tuberculocidal agent
    to kill a particular species of:
    a. Clostridium.
    b. Mycobacterium.
    c. Staphylococcus.
    d. Streptococcus.
A

b

54
Q

Pasteurization is an example of what kind of
technique?
a. antiseptic
b. disinfection
c. sterilization
d. surgical aseptic

A

b

55
Q

The combination of freezing and drying is known as:
a. desiccation.
b. lyophilization.
c. pasteurization.
d. tyndallization.

A

b

56
Q

Organisms that live in and around hydrothermal
vents at the bottom of the ocean are:
a. acidophilic, psychrophilic, and halophilic.
b. halophilic, alkaliphilic, and psychrophilic.
c. halophilic, psychrophilic, and piezophilic.
d. halophilic, thermophilic, and piezophilic.

A

d

57
Q

When placed into a hypertonic solution, a bacterial
cell will:
a. take in more water than it releases.
b. lyse.
c. shrink.
d. swell.

A

c

58
Q

To prevent Clostridium infections in a hospital
setting, what kind of disinfectant should be used?
a. fungicidal
b. pseudomonicidal
c. sporicidal
d. tuberculocidal

A

c

59
Q

Sterilization can be accomplished by use of:
a. an autoclave.
b. antiseptics.
c. medical aseptic techniques.
d. pasteurization.

A

a

60
Q

The goal of medical asepsis is to kill __________,
whereas the goal of surgical asepsis is to kill
__________.
a. all microorganisms . . . . . pathogens
b. bacteria . . . . . bacteria and viruses
c. nonpathogens . . . . . pathogens
d. pathogens . . . . . all microorganisms

A

d

61
Q

Which of the following types of culture media is
selective and differential?
a. blood agar
b. MacConkey agar
c. phenylethyl alcohol agar
d. Thayer-Martin agar

A

b

62
Q

All the following types of culture media are enriched
and selective except:
a. blood agar.
b. colistin–nalidixic acid agar.
c. phenylethyl alcohol agar.
d. Thayer-Martin agar.

A

a

MICROBIO (27 decks)

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