CHAPTER 9

Question 1

actually refers to
the use of any chemical (drug) to treat any disease or condition.

Answer 1

chemotherapy

Question 2

The chemicals (drugs) used to treat diseases are
referred to as

Answer 2

chemotherapeutic agents.

Question 3

is any chemical (drug)
used to treat an infectious disease, either by inhibiting or
killing pathogens in vivo.

Answer 3

antimicrobial
agent

Question 4

Drugs used to treat bacterial
diseases are called

Answer 4

antibacterial agents,

Question 5

is a substance produced
by a microorganism that is effective in killing or inhibiting the growth of other microorganisms.

Answer 5

antibiotic

Question 6

examples of antibiotics produced by
moulds;

Answer 6

Penicillin and
cephalosporins

Question 7

antibiotics that have been chemically modified to kill a wider variety of pathogens or reduce side
effects; these modified antibiotics are called

Answer 7

semisynthetic
antibiotics.

Question 8

discovered that the red dye, Prontosil, was ef-
fective against streptococcal infections in mice.

Answer 8

Gerhard
Domagk

Question 9

The five most common mechanisms of action of
antimicrobial agents are as follows:

Answer 9

• Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
• Damage to cell
  membranes
• Inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis (either DNA or
  RNA synthesis)
• Inhibition of protein synthesis
• Inhibition of enzyme activity

Question 10

drugs that inhibit production of folic acid

Answer 10

Sulfonamide

Question 11

they kill either
Gram-positive or
Gram-negative
bacteria,

Answer 11

Narrow spectrum
antibiotics

Question 12

they kill both
Gram-positives and
Gram-negatives.

Answer 12

broad spectrum
antibiotics

Question 13

the only narrow-spectrum antibiotic

Answer 13

vancomycin

Question 14

these agents stop bacteria from growing and dividing.

Answer 14

bacteriostatic agents

Question 15

Bacteriostatic agents should not be used in

Answer 15

or leukopenic patients (patients having

an abnormally low number of white blood cells).

Question 16

they interfere with the synthesis of bacterial
cell walls and have maximum effect on bacteria that are
actively dividing.

Answer 16

Penicillins

Question 17

The cephalosporins are clas-
sified as

Answer 17

first-, second-, third-, and fourth-generation

cephalosporins

Question 18

these ____ generation agents are
active primarily against Gram-positive bacteria.

Answer 18

First gen

Question 19

___generation cephalosporins have increased activity against

Gram-negative bacteria,

Answer 19

second

Question 20

____generation cephalo-
sporins have even greater activity against Gram-negatives

(including Pseudomonas aeruginosa).

Answer 20

Third

Question 21

what is an example of a fourth generation cephalosphorin

Answer 21

Cefepime

Question 22

broad-spectrum drugs
that exert their effect by targeting bacterial ribosomes.

Answer 22

Tetracyclines.

Question 23

are effective
against a wide variety of bacteria, including chlamydias,
mycoplasmas, rickettsias, Vibrio cholerae, and spirochetes
like Borrelia spp. and T. pallidum.

Answer 23

Tetracyclines.

Question 24

are bactericidal broad-
spectrum drugs that inhibit bacterial protein synthesis.

Answer 24

Aminoglycosides.

Question 25

They are used to treat infections with members of the family Enterobacteriaceae (e.g., Escherichia coli

Answer 25

Aminoglycosides.

Question 26

inhibit protein synthesis. They are considered bacteriostatic at lower doses and bacte- ricidal at higher doses.

Answer 26

Macrolides

Question 27

bactericidal drugs that inhibit DNA synthesis.

Answer 27

Fluoroquinolones.

Question 28

The use of two antimicrobial agents to treat an infectious disease sometimes produces a degree of pathogen killing

Answer 28

synergism.

Question 29

When the use of two drugs produces an extent of pathogen killing that is less than that achieved by either drug alone, the phenomenon is known as

Answer 29

antagonism.

Question 30

tend to be more toxic to the patient because, like the infected human, they are eucaryotic organisms.

Answer 30

fungal & protozoal pathogens

Question 31

Most antifungal agents work in one of three ways:

Answer 31

By binding with cell membrane sterols * By interfering with sterol synthesis * By blocking mitosis or nucleic acid synthesis

Question 32

drugs that are usually quite toxic to the host and work by (a) interfering with DNA and RNA synthesis or interfering with protozoal metabolism

Answer 32

ANTIPROTOZOAL AGENTS

Question 33

The first antiviral agent effective against human

Answer 33

zidovudine

Question 34

refer to an organism that is resistant to only one antimicrobial agent, the term usually refers to multiply drug-resistant organisms

Answer 34

“superbug”

Question 35

examples of superbugs

Answer 35

viruses, fungi, protozoa, helminths

Question 36

the drug is unable to cross the organism’s cell wall or cell membrane and, thus, cannot reach its site of action. this resistance is called

Answer 36

intrinsic resistance

Question 37

bacteria that were once susceptible to a particular drug to become resistant to it; this is called

Answer 37

acquired resistance.

Question 38

drug must first bind (attach) to proteins on the surface of the cell; these protein molecules are called

Answer 38

drug- binding sites.

Question 39

a potentially dangerous type of staph bacteria that is resistant to antibiotics

Answer 39

MRSA

Question 40

The primary way in which bacteria acquire new genes is by

Answer 40

CONJUGATION

Question 41

A plasmid containing multiple genes for drug resistance is called a

Answer 41

resistance factor

Question 42

superbug). Bacteria can also acquire new genes by

Answer 42

transduction

Question 43

enables the cell to pump drugs out of the cell before the drugs can damage or kill the cell.

Answer 43

MDR pump

Question 44

penicillin molecules have The “garage” is called the

Answer 44

B lactam ring

Question 45

bacteria produce enzymes that destroy the -lactam ring; these enzymes are known as

Answer 45

B -lactamases.

Question 46

There are two types of - lactamases:

Answer 46

penicillinases and cephalosporinases.

Question 47

initiate therapy before laboratory results are available.

Answer 47

empiric therapy

Question 48

provides important information regarding drugs to which various bacterial pathogens were susceptible and resistant

Answer 48

pocket chart

Question 49

UNDESIRABLE EFFECTS OF ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS

Answer 49

organisms within that patient that are sus- ceptible to the agent will die, The patient may become allergic to the agent. Many antimicrobial agents are toxic to humans, may de- stroy the normal flora of the mouth, intestine, or vagina.

Question 50

The resultant overgrowth by such organisms ;a “population explosion” of organisms that are usually present only in small numbers. is referred to as a

Answer 50

superinfection.

Question 51

Which of the following is least likely to be taken into consideration when deciding which antibiotic to prescribe for a patient? a. patient’s age b. patient’s underlying medical conditions c. patient’s weight d. other medications that the patient is taking

Answer 51

c

Question 52

Which of the following is least likely to lead to drug resistance in bacteria? a. a chromosomal mutation that alters cell mem- brane permeability b. a chromosomal mutation that alters the shape of a particular drug-binding site c. receiving a gene that codes for an enzyme that destroys a particular antibiotic d. receiving a gene that codes for the production of a capsule

Answer 52

d

Question 53

Which of the following is not a common mechanism by which antimicrobial agents kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria? a. damage to cell membranes b. destruction of capsules c. inhibition of cell wall synthesis d. inhibition of protein synthesis

Answer 53

b

Question 54

Multidrug therapy is always used when a patient is diagnosed as having: a. an infection caused by MRSA. b. diphtheria. c. strep throat. d. tuberculosis.

Answer 54

d

Question 55

5. Which of the following terms or names has nothing to do with the use of two drugs simultaneously? a. antagonism b. Salvarsan c. Septra d. synergism

Answer 55

b

Question 56

Which of the following is not a common mechanism by which antifungal agents work? a. by binding with cell membrane sterols b. by blocking nucleic acid synthesis c. by dissolving hyphae d. by interfering with sterol synthesis

Answer 56

c

Question 57

Which of the following scientists is considered to be the “Father of Chemotherapy?” a. Alexander Fleming b. Paul Ehrlich c. Selman Waksman d. Sir Howard Walter Florey

Answer 57

a

Question 58

9. All the following antimicrobial agents work by inhibiting cell wall synthesis except: a. cephalosporins. b. chloramphenicol. c. penicillin. d. vancomycin.

Answer 58

b

Question 59

All the following antimicrobial agents work by in- hibiting protein synthesis except: a. chloramphenicol. b. erythromycin. c. imipenem. d. tetracycline.

Answer 59

c