PATHOGENESIS

Question 1

(the ability to cause disease)

Answer 1

pathogenicity

Question 2

the steps or mechanisms involved in the development of a disease).

Answer 2

pathogenesis

Question 3

colonization by a pathogen
when a pathogen lands on or enters a person’s body and
establishes residence there

Answer 3

infection

Question 4

4 phases in the course of an infectious disease

Answer 4

incubation period
prodromal period
period of illness
convalescent period

Question 5

the time that elapses between
arrival of the pathogen and
the onset of symptoms

Answer 5

The incubation period

Question 6

time during which the
patient feels “out of sorts” but is not yet experiencing
actual symptoms of the disease

Answer 6

The prodromal period

Question 7

the time during which the
patient experiences the typical symptoms associated
with that particular disease (e.g., sore throat,
headache, sinus congestion)

Answer 7

The period of illness

Question 8

the time during which the
patient recovers.

Answer 8

The convalescent period

Question 9

3 types of disease (length)

Answer 9

chronic disease
subacute diseases.
acute diseases

Question 10

a disease that has an insidious (slow) onset and lasts a long time; e

Answer 10

chronic disease

Question 11

tuberculosis, leprosy (Hansen disease), and syphilis is what type of disease

Answer 11

chronic disease

Question 12

a disease having a sudden
onset can develop into a long-lasting disease; come on more suddenly than a chronic disease, but less suddenly than an acute disease

Answer 12

subacute diseases.

Question 13

some evidence of
a disease that is experienced
or perceived by the patient;
something that is subjective.

Answer 13

symptom of a disease

Question 14

clinical disease; is a
disease in which the patient is experiencing symptoms.

Answer 14

symptomatic disease

Question 15

subclinical disease; is a
disease that the patient is unaware of because he or she is not experiencing any symptoms

Answer 15

asymptomatic disease

Question 16

is defined as some type of objective evidence of a disease

Answer 16

sign of a disease

Question 17

is a disease that is lying
dormant, not currently
manifesting itself.

Answer 17

latent infections

Question 18

Herpes virus infections, such as cold sores (fever blisters), genital herpes infections, and shingles are what type of infections

Answer 18

latent infections

Question 19

steps in the pathogenesis of infectious disease

Answer 19

Entry
Attachment
Multiplication
Invasion
Evasion
Damage

Question 20

(the cause of scarlet fever

Answer 20

erythrogenic toxin

Question 21

The physical attributes or properties of pathogens that enable them to escape various host defense mechanisms and cause disease are called

Answer 21

virulence
factors

Question 22

used to describe the molecule on the surface of pathogen that is able to recognize and bind to a particular
receptor

Answer 22

adhesin
and ligand

Question 23

used to describe the
molecule on the surface of a
host cell that a particular
pathogen is able to recognize
and attach to

Answer 23

receptor and
integrin

Question 24

pathogens that must live within host cells to survive and multiply; they are referred to as

Answer 24

obligate intracellular pathogen

Question 25

are long, thin, hairlike, flexible projections composed primarily of an array of proteins called pilin

Answer 25

Bacterial fimbriae

Question 26

are capable of both an intracellular and extracellular existence

Answer 26

Facultative Intracellular Pathogens

Question 27

virulence factors examples

Answer 27

fimbriae capsules flagella Exoenzymes Coagulase Hyaluronidase Collagenase

Question 28

examples of exoenzymes

Answer 28

Lecithinase Kinases

Question 29

they serve an antiphagocytic function they protect encapsulated bacteria from being phagocytized by phagocytic white blood cells

Answer 29

Capsules

Question 30

enable (motile) bacteria to invade aqueous areas of the body that nonflagellated (nonmotile) bacteria are unable to reach

Answer 30

Flagella

Question 31

pathogens release these enzymes that enable them to evade host defense mechanisms, invade, or cause damage to body tissues.

Answer 31

exoenzymes

Question 32

this factor - binds to prothrombin, forming a complex called staphylothrombin - clot plasma and thereby to form a sticky coat of fibrin around themselves for protection

Answer 32

Coagulase

Question 33

enzymes that lyse (dissolve) clots; therefore, pathogens that produce kinases are able to escape from clots

Answer 33

Kinase

Question 34

enables pathogens to spread through connective tissue by breaking down hyaluronic acid

Answer 34

Hyaluronidase

Question 35

are enzymes that cause damage to the host’s red blood cells

Answer 35

Hemolysins

Question 36

Substances that cause fever are known as

Answer 36

pyrogens.

Question 37

a life-threatening condition resulting from very low blood pressure and an inadequate blood supply

Answer 37

shock

Question 38

what toxin is a component of the cell walls of gram-negative bacteria

Answer 38

Endotoxin

Question 39

are toxins that affect the gastrointestinal tract, often causing diarrhea and sometimes vomiting

Answer 39

enterotoxins

Question 40

pathogens are able to periodically change their surface antigens, a phenomenon known as

Answer 40

antigenic variation

Question 41

1. Which of the following virulence factors enable(s) bacteria to attach to tissues? a. capsules b. endotoxin c. flagella d. pili

Answer 41

d

Question 42

Neurotoxins are produced by: a. Clostridium botulinum and Clostridium tetani. b. Clostridium difficile and Clostridium perfringens. c. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. d. Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes.

Answer 42

a

Question 43

. Which of the following pathogens produce enterotoxins? a. Bacillus cereus and certain serotypes of Escherichia coli b. C. difficile and C. perfringens c. Salmonella spp. and Shigella spp

Answer 43

d

Question 44

A bloodstream infection with __________ could result in the release of endotoxin into the bloodstream. a. C. difficile or C. perfringens b. Neisseria gonorrhoeae or E. coli c. S. aureus or M. tuberculosis d. S. aureus or S. pyogenes

Answer 44

b

Question 45

Communicable diseases are most easily transmitted during the: a. incubation period. b. period of convalescence. c. period of illness. d. period

Answer 45

c

Question 46

Enterotoxins affect cells in the: a. central nervous system. b. gastrointestinal tract. c. genitourinary tract. d. respiratory tract.

Answer 46

b

Question 47

. Which of the following bacteria is least likely to be the cause of septic shock? a. E. coli b. Haemophilus influenzae c. Mycoplasma pneumoniae d. Neisseria meningitidis

Answer 47

c

Question 48

Which of the following produces both a cytotoxin and an enterotoxin? a. C. botulinum b. C. difficile c. C. tetani d. Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Answer 48

b

Question 49

Which of the following virulence factors enable(s) bacteria to avoid phagocytosis by white blood cells? a. capsule b. cell membrane c. cell wall d. pili

Answer 49

a

Question 50

. Which of the following can cause toxic shock syndrome? a. C. difficile and C. perfringens b. M. pneumoniae and M. tuberculosis c. N. gonorrhoeae and E. coli d. S. aureus and S. pyogenes

Answer 50

d