epidemiology

Question 1

is the study of factors that
determine the
frequency, distribution,
and determinants of
diseases in human
populations

Answer 1

Epidemiology

Question 2

If the infectious disease is transmissible from one human to another it is called a

Answer 2

communicable disease

Question 3

is defined as a communicable disease that is easily transmitted from one person to another

Answer 3

contagious
disease

Question 4

Infectious diseases that humans acquire from animal sources are called

Answer 4

zoonotic diseases or zoonoses

Question 5

is defined as the
number of new cases of that disease in a defined population during a specific time period

Answer 5

incidence

Question 6

expressed as the number of new cases of a particular disease that occurred during a specified time period per a specifically defined population

Answer 6

morbidity rate

Question 7

the number of cases of the disease existing in a given population during a specific time period

Answer 7

period prevalence

Question 8

is the number of cases of the disease existing in a given population at a particular moment in time

Answer 8

point prevalence

Question 9

also known as the death rate is the ratio of the number of people who died of a particular disease during a specified time period

Answer 9

Mortality Rate

Question 10

is a disease that occurs only occasionally
(sporadically) within the population of a particular geographic area

Answer 10

Sporadic Disease

Question 11

are diseases that are always present within the population of a particular geographic area

Answer 11

Endemic Disease

Question 12

a disease that is occurring in epidemic proportions in many countries simultaneously

Answer 12

Pandemic Diseases

Question 13

The six components in
the chain of infection

Answer 13

(a) a pathogen,
(b) a reservoir of
infection
(c) a portal
of exit,
(d) a mode of
transmission,
(e) a portal of entry,
(f) a susceptible host.

Question 14

The sources of microbes that cause infectious diseases are many and varied. They are known as

Answer 14

reservoirs

Question 15

is a person who
is colonized with a particular pathogen, but the pathogen is not currently causing disease in that person

Answer 15

carrier

Question 16

carry the pathogen without ever having had the disease.

Answer 16

Passive carriers

Question 17

a person who is capable of transmitting a pathogen during the incubation period

Answer 17

incubatory carrier

Question 18

harbor and can transmit a particular pathogen while recovering from an infectious disease

Answer 18

Convalescent carriers

Question 19

carriers have completely recovered from the disease, but continue to harbor the pathogen indefinitely

Answer 19

Active carriers

Question 20

are inanimate objects capable of transmitting pathogens. found within healthcare settings include patients’ gowns, bedding, towels, eating and drinking utensils, and hospital equipment

Answer 20

Fomites

Question 21

The five principal
modes by which
transmission of
pathogens

Answer 21

direct
indirect contact,
droplet,
airborne,
vehicular vector
transmission

Question 22

may be generated by coughing, sneezing, and even talking.

Answer 22

Droplet

Question 23

involves the dispersal of droplet nuclei, which are the residue of evaporated droplets, and are smaller than 5m in diameter.

Answer 23

Airborne transmission

Question 24

is predominantly a zoonosis and is usually
transmitted to humans by flea

Answer 24

Plague

Question 25

All of the following are major steps in the treatment of a community’s drinking water except: a. boiling. b. filtration. c. flocculation. d. sedimentation

Answer 25

a

Question 26

Which of the following are considered reservoirs of infection? a. carriers b. contaminated food and drinking water c. rabid animals d. all of the above

Answer 26

d

Question 27

4. Which of the following arthropods is the vector of Lyme disease? a. flea b. mite c. mosquito d. tick

Answer 27

a

Question 28

pathogens are transferred from one infected person to another person without a contaminated intermediate object or person.

Answer 28

direct contact transmission

Question 29

happens when pathogens are transferred via a contaminated intermediate object or person.

Answer 29

* Indirect contact transmission

Question 30

respiratory droplets carrying pathogens transmit infection when they travel from the respiratory tract of an infectious individual (e.g., by sneezing or coughing

Answer 30

Droplet Transmission

Question 31

occurs with dissemination of either airborne droplet nuclei or small particles containing pathogens

Answer 31

Airborne Transmission

Question 32

pertains to the numerous measures that are taken to prevent infections from occurring in healthcare settings

Answer 32

infection control

Question 33

is a clean technique. Its goal is to exclude pathogens

Answer 33

Medical asepsis

Question 34

kill bacterial spores with prolonged exposure times (3–12 hours); these are referred to as

Answer 34

chemical sterilants.

Question 35

kill all microbes (including viruses),e except large numbers of bacterial spores.

Answer 35

High-level disinfectants

Question 36

might kill mycobacteria, vegetative bacteria, most viruses, and most fungi, but do not necessarily kill bacterial spores

Answer 36

Intermediate-level disinfectants

Question 37

kill most vegetative bacteria, some fungi, and some viruses within 10 minutes of exposure

Answer 37

Low-level disinfectants

Question 38

items confer a high risk for infection if they are contaminated with any microbes include surgical instruments, cardiac and urinary catheters, implants, and ultrasound probes u

Answer 38

Critical Items.

Question 39

items contact mucous membranes or nonintact skin and require high-level disinfection. therapy and anesthesia equipment, some endoscopes, laryngoscope blades,

Answer 39

* Semicritical Items

Question 40

items are those that come in contact with intact skin, but not mucous membranes. Such items are divided into two subcategories: noncritical patient care items (e.g., bedpans, blood pressure cuffs, crutches, computers)

Answer 40

Noncritical Items

Question 41

includes practices used to render and keep objects and areas sterile

Answer 41

Surgical Asepsis

Question 42

The most important and most basic technique in preventing and controlling infections and preventing the transmission

Answer 42

Hand Hygiene

Question 43

is the most important and frequent mode of transmission of HAIs are used for patients known or suspected to be infected or colonized with epidemiologically important pathogens that can be transmitted by direct or indirect contact.

Answer 43

Contact Precautions

Question 44

The preferred placement for patients who are infected with pathogens that are spread via airborne droplet nuclei and, therefore, require

Answer 44

Airborne Infection Isolation Rooms

Question 45

1. An HAI is one that: a. develops during hospitalization or erupts within 14 days of hospital discharge. b. develops while the patient is hospitalized. c. is acquired in the community. d. the patient has at the time of hospital admission.

Answer 45

a

Question 46

2. An example of a fomite would be: a. a drinking glass used by a patient. b. bandages from an infected wound. c. soiled bed linens. d. all of the above.

Answer 46

d

Question 47

5. A Protective Environment would be appropriate for a patient: a. infected with MRSA. b. with leukopenia. c. with pneumonic plague. d. with tuberculosis.

Answer 47

b

Question 48

6. Which of the following is not part of Standard Precautions? a. handwashing between patient contacts b. placing a patient in a private room having negative air pressure c. properly disposing of needles, scalpels, and other sharps d. wearing gloves, masks, eye protection, and gowns when appropriate

Answer 48

b

Question 49

7. A patient suspected of having tuberculosis has been admitted to the hospital. Which one of the following is not appropriate? a. Droplet Precautions b. an AIIR c. Standard Precautions d. use of a type N95 respirator by healthcare professional who are caring for the patien

Answer 49

a

Question 50

8. Which of the following statements about medical asepsis is false? a. Disinfection is a medical aseptic technique. b. Handwashing is a medical aseptic technique. c. Medical asepsis is considered a clean technique. d. The goal of medical asepsis is to exclude all microorganisms from an area

Answer 50

d

Question 51

9. Which of the following statements about an AIIR is false? a. Air entering the room is passed through HEPA filters. b. The room is under negative air pressure. c. An AIIR is appropriate for patients with meningococcal meningitis, whooping cough, or influenza. d. Transmission-Based Precautions will be necessary

Answer 51

a

Question 52

10. Contact Precautions are required for patients with: a. C. difficile-associated diseases. b. infections caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria. c. viral hemorrhagic fevers. d. all of the above.

Answer 52

d