Chapter 8

Question 1

aneurysm

Answer 1

Localized abnormal dilation of a vessel, usually an artery

Question 2

arrest

Answer 2

Condition of being stopped or bringing to a stop

Question 3

cardiac arrest

Answer 3

loss of effective cardiac function, which results in cessation of circulation

Question 4

circulatory arrest

Answer 4

cessation of the circulation of blood due to ventricular standstill or fibrillation

Question 5

arrhythmia

Answer 5

inability of the heart to maintain a normal sinus ryhthm, possibly including a rapid or slow beat or “skipping” a beat; also called dysrthythmia

Question 6

bruit

Answer 6

soft blowing sound heard on auscultation, possibly due to vibrations associated with the movement of blood, valvular action, or both; also called murmur

Question 7

cardiomyopathy

Answer 7

any disease or weakening of heart muscle that diminished cardiac function

Question 8

catheter

Answer 8

thin, flexible, hollow plastic tube that is small enough to be threaded through a vein, artery, or tubular structure

Question 9

coarctation

Answer 9

narrowing of a vessel, especially the aorta

Question 10

deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

Answer 10

blood clot that forms in the deep veins of the body, especially those in the legs or thighs

Question 11

ejection fraction (EF)

Answer 11

calculation of how much blood a ventricle can eject with one contraction. left ventricular EF averages 50-70% in healthy hearts

Question 12

heart failure (HF)

Answer 12

failure of the heart to supply an adequate amount of blood to tissues and organs

Question 13

embolus

Answer 13

mass of undissolved matter (foreign object, air, gas tissue, thrombus) circulating in blood or lymphatic channels until it becomes lodged in a vessel

Question 14

fibrillation

Answer 14

quivering or spontaneous muscle contractions, especially of the heart, causing ineffectual contractions

Question 15

hemostasis

Answer 15

arrest of bleeding or circulation

Question 16

hyperlipidemia

Answer 16

excessive amounts of lipids (cholesterol, phospholipids, and triglycerides) in the blood

Question 17

hypertension (HTN)

Answer 17

common disorder characterized by elevated blood pressure persistently exceeding 140 mm Hg systolic or 90 mm Hg diastolic.

Question 18

Primary hypertension

Answer 18

HTN in which there is no identifiable cause; also called essential hypertension. most common form

Question 19

Secondary hypertension

Answer 19

HTN that results from an underlying, identifiable, commonly correctable cause

Question 20

hypertensive heart disease

Answer 20

any heart disorder caused by prolonged hypertension, including left ventricular hypertrophy, coronary artery disease, cardiac arrhythmias, and heart failure

Question 21

implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD)

Answer 21

implantable battery-powered device that monitors and automatically corrects ventricular tachycardia or fibrilation by sending electric impulses to the heart

Question 22

infarct

Answer 22

area of tissue that undergoes necrosis following cessation of blood supply

Question 23

ischemia

Answer 23

local and temporary deficiency of blood supply due to circulatory obstruction

Question 24

mitral valve prolapse (MVP)

Answer 24

common and occasionally serious condition in which the leaflets of teh mitral valve prolapse into the left atrium during systole causing a characteristic murmur heard on ausculation (common s/s = palpitations, panic attacks)

Question 25

radioisotope

Answer 25

chemical radioactive material used as a tracer to follow a substance through the body or a structure

Question 26

palpitation

Answer 26

sensation that the heart is not beating normally, possibly including: Thumping, fluttering, skipped beats, or a pounding feeling in the chest

Question 27

patent ductus arteriosus

Answer 27

failure of the ductus arteriosus to close after birth, allowing blood to flow from the aorta into the pulmonary (lung) artery

Question 28

perfusion

Answer 28

circulation of blood through tissues or the passage of fluids through vessels of an organ

Question 29

tetralogy of fallot

Answer 29

congenital anomaly consisting of four elements: 1. pulmonary artery stenosis; 2. interventricular septal defect; 3/ transposition of the aorta, so that both ventricles empy into the aorta; 4. right ventricular hypertrophy caused by increased workload of the right ventricle

Question 30

stent

Answer 30

slender or threadlike device used to hold open vessels, tubes, or obstructed arteries

Question 31

thrombus

Answer 31

blood clot that obstructs a vessel

Question 32

cardiac catheterization (CC)

Answer 32

passage of a catheter into the heart through a vein or artery to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the heart (look at blood flow)

Question 33

electrocardiogram (ECG, EKG)

Answer 33

graphic line recording that shows the spread of electrical excitation to different parts of the heart using small metal electrodes applied to the chest, arms, and legs (help diagnose abnormal heart rhythms)

Question 34

diaphoresis

Answer 34

profuse sweating

Question 35

incompetent

Answer 35

inability of a valve to close completely

Question 36

angina

Answer 36

chest pain

Question 37

varices

Answer 37

varicose veins of the esophagus

Question 38

vegetations

Answer 38

small masses of inflammatory material found on the leaflets of valves

Question 39

Holter Monitor test

Answer 39

24- hour ECG tracing taken with a small, portable recording system

Question 40

echocardiography

Answer 40

noninvasive ultrasound diagnostic test used to visualize internal cardiac structures

Question 41

coronary angiography

Answer 41

radiological examination of the blood vessels of and around the heart

Question 42

nitrates

Answer 42

agents used to treat angina

Question 43

statins

Answer 43

drugs that have powerful lipid-lowering properties

Question 44

diuretics

Answer 44

management of edema associated with heart failure and hypertension

Question 45

cardiac enzyme studies

Answer 45

include troponin T, troponin I, creatinine kinase

Question 46

scintigraphy

Answer 46

injection and detection of radioactive isotopes to create images and identify function and disease

Question 47

stress test

Answer 47

ECG taken under controlled exercise stress conditions

Question 48

ligation and stripping

Answer 48

tying of a varicose vein and subsequent removal

Question 49

commissurotomy

Answer 49

surgical separation of the leaflets of the mitral valve

Question 50

arterial biopsy

Answer 50

removal of a small segment of an artery for diagnostic purposes

Question 51

catheter ablation

Answer 51

destruction of conductive tissue of the heart to interrupt abnormal contractions

Question 52

embolization

Answer 52

technique used to block blood flow to a site by injecting an occluding agent

Question 53

angioplasty

Answer 53

procedure that alters a vessel through surgery or dilation

Question 54

PTCA

Answer 54

dilation of an occluded vessel using a balloon catheter

Question 55

CABG

Answer 55

surgery that creates a bypass around a blocked segment of a coronary artery

Question 56

atherectomy

Answer 56

removal of occluding material using a cutting or grinding device

Question 57

venipuncture

Answer 57

incision or puncture of a vein to remove blood or introduce fluids

Question 58

thrombolysis

Answer 58

destruction of a blood clot

Question 59

hypercholesterolemia

Answer 59

elevation of cholesterol in the blood. has been associated with an increased risk of atherosclerosis

Question 60

ventricular fibrillation

Answer 60

the heart quivers rather than beats, and blood is not pumped to the brain. can cause death unless treatment in 5-10 minutes