Chapter 8: Memory Flashcards
Memory
The persistence of learning over time through storage retrieval of information
Recall
A measure of memory in which a person must retrieve information learned earlier as on a fill-in-the-blank test
Recognition
A measure of memory in which a person need only identify items previously learned, such as a multiple-choice test
Relearning
A measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again
Encoding
Processing of information into the memory system
Storage
Retention of encoded information over time
Retrieval
Process of getting information out of memory storage
Sensory Memory
Immediate very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system
Short-Term Memory
Activated memory that holds a few items briefly … before the information is stored or forgotten
Long-Term Memory
Relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences
Working Memory
A newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory
Explicit Memory
Encoding that requires attention and conscious thought
Effortful Processing
Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously now and declare (declarative memory)
Automatic Processing
Unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, frequency, and of well-learned information
Implicit Memory
Retention independent of conscious recollection (non-declarative memory)
Iconic Memory
Momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli or picture-image memory lasting no longer than a few tenths of a second
Ecohic Memory
Momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can be recalled in 3-4 seconds
Chunking
Organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically
Mnemonics
Memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices
Spacing Effect
Phenomenon whereby animals more easily remembering learning when they are studied a few times spaced over a long time span
Hippocampus
Neural center located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage
Flashbulb Memory
Clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
Long-Term Potentiation
An increase in cell’s potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory
Priming
Activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory
