chapter 8 supplamental Flashcards
(101 cards)
release of digestive enzymes by sperm that enables them to burrow through the corona radiata and penetrate the zona pellucida of an oocyte prior to fertilization
acrosomal reaction
cap-like vesicle located at the anterior-most region of a sperm that is rich with lysosomal enzymes capable of digesting the protective layers surrounding the oocyte
acrosome
third stage of childbirth in which the placenta and associated fetal membranes are expelled
afterbirth
finger-like outpocketing of yolk sac forms the primitive excretory duct of the embryo; precursor to the urinary bladder
allantois
alternative forms of a gene that occupy a specific locus on a specific gene
allele
transparent membranous sac that encloses the developing fetus and fills with amniotic fluid
amnion
cavity that opens up between the inner cell mass and the trophoblast; develops into amnion
amniotic cavity
in humans, the 22 pairs of chromosomes that are not the sex chromosomes (XX or XY)
autosomal chromosome
pattern of dominant inheritance that corresponds to a gene on one of the 22 autosomal chromosomes
autosomal dominant
pattern of recessive inheritance that corresponds to a gene on one of the 22 autosomal chromosomes
autosomal recessive
fluid-filled cavity of the blastocyst
blastocoel
term for the conceptus at the developmental stage that consists of about 100 cells shaped into an inner cell mass that is fated to become the embryo and an outer trophoblast that is fated to become the associated fetal membranes and placenta
blastocyst
daughter cell of a cleavage
blastomere
weak and irregular peristaltic contractions that can occur in the second and third trimesters; they do not indicate that childbirth is imminent
Braxton Hicks contractions
highly vascularized fat tissue that is packed with mitochondria; these properties confer the ability to oxidize fatty acids to generate heat
brown adipose tissue
process that occurs in the female reproductive tract in which sperm are prepared for fertilization; leads to increased motility and changes in their outer membrane that improve their ability to release enzymes capable of digesting an oocyte’s outer layers
capacitation
heterozygous individual who does not display symptoms of a recessive genetic disorder but can transmit the disorder to his or her offspring
carrier
membrane that develops from the syncytiotrophoblast, cytotrophoblast, and mesoderm; surrounds the embryo and forms the fetal portion of the placenta through the chorionic villi
chorion
precursor to the chorion; forms from extra-embryonic mesoderm cells
chorionic membrane
projections of the chorionic membrane that burrow into the endometrium and develop into the placenta
chorionic villi
form of mitotic cell division in which the cell divides but the total volume remains unchanged; this process serves to produce smaller and smaller cells
cleavage
pattern of inheritance that corresponds to the equal, distinct, and simultaneous expression of two different alleles
codominance
thick, yellowish substance secreted from a mother’s breasts in the first postpartum days; rich in immunoglobulins
colostrum
pre-implantation stage of a fertilized egg and its associated membranes
conceptus