Week 6 Chapter 18: Endocrine System Flashcards
1
Q
-agon
A
assemble, gather together
2
Q
-ectomy
A
removal; excision; resection
3
Q
-emia
A
pertaining to blood condition
4
Q
-genic
A
produced by or in
5
Q
-in, -ine
A
substance
6
Q
-megaly
A
enlargement
7
Q
-oid
A
derived from, related to, resembling or originating from
8
Q
-osis
A
condition, usually abnormal
9
Q
-physis
A
to grow
10
Q
-stasis
A
stopping; controlling; placing
11
Q
-tocin
give pitocin for labor andc-sections
A
labor; birth (a substance for)
12
Q
-tropin
A
stimulate; stimulating the function of; to turn or act on
13
Q
-uria
A
urination; condition of urine
14
Q
blood test that measures glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) to assess glucose control
A
A1c
15
Q
Hypersecretion of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary after puberty, leading to enlargement of extremities.
A
acromegaly
16
Q
ACTH
A
adrenocorticotropic hormone
17
Q
Hypofunctioning of the adrenal cortex; decreased secretion of aldosterone and cortisol.
A
Addison disease
18
Q
aden/o
A
gland
19
Q
Inflammation of a gland.
A
adenitis
20
Q
Anterior lobe of the pituitary gland.
A
adenohypophysis
21
Q
ADH
A
antidiuretic hormone—vasopressin
22
Q
Outer section (cortex) of each adrenal gland; secretes cortisol, aldosterone, and sex hormones.
A
adrenal cortex
23
Q
Inner section (medulla) of each adrenal gland; secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine.
A
adrenal medulla
24
Q
Excessive secretion of adrenal androgens. Signs and symptoms include amenorrhea, hirsutism (excessive hair on the face and body), acne, and deepening of the voice.
A
adrenal virilism
25
adrenal/o
adrenal gland
26
Removal of an adrenal gland.
adrenalectomy
27
Hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla; increases heart rate and blood pressure.
adrenaline (epinephrine)
28
Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; also called adrenocorticotropin. ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
29
Hormone secreted by the `adrenal cortex;` increases `salt` (sodium) reabsorption. Regulates salt and water balance.
aldo`st`erone
30
andr/o
male
31
Male hormone secreted by the testes; responsible for developing and maintaining male secondary sex characteristics. Testosterone is an example. `Produced by the testes in males and by the adrenal cortex in males and females.`
androgen
32
Secreted by the `posterior lobe` of the pituitary gland, `vasopressin`; `reabsorption of water by the kidney`.
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
33
Ca++
calcium, an important electrolyte
34
calc/o, calci/o
calcium
35
Hormone secreted by the `thyroid gland`; lowers `calcium levels in the blood`.
calcitonin
36
`Hormones` secreted by the `adrenal medulla`; epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine are an example.
catecholamines
37
CGM
`c`ontinuous `g`lucose `m`onitor
38
CGMS
continuous glucose monitoring system—senses and records blood glucose levels continuously
39
X-ray imaging of endocrine glands in cross section and other views to assess size and infiltration by tumor.
computed tomography (CT) scan
40
cortic/o
cortex, outer region
41
Hormones (`steroids`) produced by the `adrenal` `cortex`. Examples are cortisol (raises sugar levels), aldosterone (raises salt reabsorption by kidneys), and androgens and estrogens (sex hormones).
`cortico`steroids
42
Hormone secreted by the adrenal `cortex`; increases blood sugar. It is secreted in times of `stress` and has an anti-inflammatory effect.
cortisol
43
`extreme hypothyroidism `during `infancy` and childhood leads to a lack of normal physical and mental growth. Skeletal growth is more inhibited than soft tissue growth, so the affected person has the `appearance of an obese, short, and stocky child.` Treatment consists of administration of thyroid hormone, which may be able to reverse some of the hypothyroid effects.
cretinism (children)
44
crin/o
secrete
45
Group of symptoms produced by `excess cortisol` from the `adrenal cortex`; obesity, hyperglycemia, and excess fat deposition in the body. High levels of exogenous cortisol (cortisone administration) can produce similar results.
Cushing syndrome
46
DI
diabetes insipidus
47
Insufficient secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (vasopressin) from the pituitary gland. Patients experience polyuria (excessive urination) and polydipsia (excessive thirst).
diabetes insipidus (DI)
48
Lack of insulin secretion (type 1) or improper utilization of insulin by cells (type 2) leads to hyperglycemia, glycosuria, polyuria, and polydipsia.
diabetes mellitus (DM)
49
destruction of the kidneys, causing renal insufficiency and often requiring hemodialysis or renal transplantation. involving pain or loss of sensation, most commonly in the extremities
diabetic nephropathy
50
disease that causes destruction of retinal blood vessels
diabetic retinopathy
51
dips/o
thirst
52
DKA
diabetic ketoacidosis
53
DM
diabetes mellitus
54
Short stature; Congenital hyposecretion of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary gland ; hypopituitary dwarfism.
dwarfism
55
Chemical element that carries an electrical charge when dissolved in water. Examples are sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), and chloride (Cl-).
electrolyte
56
Enlargement of the thyroid gland due to lack of iodine in the diet.
endemic goiter
57
Medical specialist in the diagnosis and treatment of endocrine gland disorders.
endocrinologist
58
Hormone secreted by the adrenal gland in response to stress and physical injury; It is part of the body’s “fight or flight” reaction.
epinephrine (adrenaline)
59
estr/o
female
60
Estrogen (female hormone) secreted by the ovaries.
estradiol
61
Female hormone produced by the ovaries; promotes secondary sex characteristics and supports reproductive tissues. Examples are estradiol and estrone.
estrogen
62
Pertaining to producing estrogen.
estrogenic
63
eu-
good; normal; true
64
Normal thyroid function.
euthyroid
65
Measurement of eyeball protrusion (as in Graves disease) with an exophthalmometer.
exophthalmometry
66
Protrusion of the eyeball; sign of hyperthyroidism.
exophthalmos
67
can be treated with a new drug (Tepezza), which reduces eye pain and swelling. Symptom of graves disease.
Exophthalmos/proptosis or thyroid eye disease (TED)
68
Also known as fasting blood sugar test. Measures circulating glucose level in a patient who has fasted at least 8 hours.
fasting plasma glucose (FPG)
69
FBG
fasting blood glucose
70
FBS
fasting blood sugar
71
Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. FSH stimulates hormone secretion and egg production by the ovaries and sperm production by the testes.
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
72
FSH
follicle-stimulating hormone
73
Loss of gastric motility
gastroparesis
74
a result of hormonal changes during pregnancy, ____ ____ can occur in women with a predisposition to diabetes during the second or third trimester of pregnancy.
gestational diabetes
75
GH
growth hormone
76
Hypersecretion of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary before puberty, leading to abnormal overgrowth of body tissues.
gigantism
77
gluc/o
glucose; sugar
78
Hormone secreted by the pancreas (alpha islet cells); increases blood glucose (sugar) by conversion of glycogen to glucose.
glucagon
79
`Steroid hormone` secreted by the adrenal `cortex`; regulates `glucose`, fat, and protein metabolism. `Corti`sol raises blood sugar and is part of the stress response. Reduces tissue inflammation.
glucocorticoid
80
test used to diagnose prediabetes and gestational diabetes. Measures the glucose levels in a blood sample taken at various intervals from a patient who has previously ingested glucose.
glucose tolerance test
81
glyc/o
glucose; sugar
82
Pertaining to blood sugar.
glycemic
83
Storage form of glucose (sugar); produces glucose when it is broken down (glycogenolysis) in liver cells; animal starch.
glycogen
84
Sugar in the urine. A sign of diabetes mellitus.
glycosuria
85
Performed by measuring the percentage of red blood cells with glucose attached, monitors long-term glucose control. A high level indicates poor glucose control in diabetic patients.
glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) test (A1c for short)
86
Enlargment of the thyroid gland
goiter
87
gonad/o
sex glands (ovaries and testes)
88
class of hormones secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland and acting on the ovaries or testes. Examples of ____ are FSH and LH, secreted by the pituitary gland.
gonadotropin
89
Hyperfunctioning of the thyroid gland; thyrotoxicosis. This is the most common type of hyperthyroidism.
Graves disease
90
Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; stimulates growth of bones and soft tissues. Somatotropin.
growth hormone (GH); somatotropin
91
GTT
glucose tolerance test—measures ability to respond to a glucose load; a test for diabetes
92
HbA1c (test)
test for the presence of glucose attached to hemoglobin (glycosylated hemoglobin)—a high level indicates poor glucose control in diabetic patients; also called A1c
93
hCG or HCG
human chorionic gonadotropin
94
Excessive hair growth.
hirsutism
95
home/o
sameness; unchanging; constant
96
Tendency of an organism to maintain a constant internal environment. The suffix -stasis means controlling.
homeostasis
97
hormon/o
hormone
98
Pertaining to a hormone.
hormonal
99
Chemical secreted by an endocrine gland.
hormone
100
hyper-
above; excessive
101
High levels of calcium in blood.
hypercalcemia
102
`High` levels of `calcium` in `urine`.
hypercalciuria
103
High levels of sugar in the bloodstream; associated with diabetes mellitus. Primary complication of type 1 diabetes.
hyperglycemia
104
`Excess` secretion of `insulin` causing hypoglycemia. Increased secretion of insulin from the beta islet cells of the pancreas.
hyperinsulinism
105
Condition of high concentration of potassium in blood. Seen in acute renal failure, massive trauma, and major burns.
hyperkalemia
106
Excessive production of parathormone. (hypercalcemia, osteoporosis, kidney stones)
hyperparathyroidism
107
Overactivity of the thyroid gland; thyrotoxicosis.
hyperthyroidism
108
hypo-
deficient; below; under; less than normal
109
Low levels of calcium in blood.
hypocalcemia
110
Low/deficient levels of `sugar` in `blood`. Occurs when too much insulin is taken.
hypoglycemia
111
Deficient functioning of the gonads (ovaries or testes).
hypogonadism
112
Deficient production of insulin (pancreatic hormone).
hypoinsulinism
113
Low levels of potassium in blood. This condition can occur in dehydration and with excessive vomiting and diarrhea. The heart is particularly sensitive to potassium loss.
hypokalemia
114
`Low` levels of `sodium` in `blood`. Occurs with hyposecretion of the adrenal cortex as salts and water leave the body.
hyponatremia
115
Decreased secretion of parathormone from the parathyroid glands. Conditions of tetany and hypocalcemia may occure due to it.
hypoparathyroidism
116
Removal of the pituitary gland. The hypophysis is the pituitary gland, named because it grows from the undersurface (hypo-) of the brain.
hypophysectomy
117
Pituitary gland.
hypophysis
118
Deficient secretion of hormones from the pituitary gland. Pituitary dwarfism is caused by ____.
hypopituitarism
119
Region of the brain lying below the thalamus, but above the pituitary gland. It stimulates the pituitary gland to secrete and release hormones.
hypothalamus
120
Decreased secretion of hormones from the thyroid gland. 2 disorders underactivity of the thyroid gland can cause are myxedema and cretinism.
hypothyroidism
121
IGF
insulin-like growth factor
122
means tasteless, reflecting the condition of dilute urine
Insipidus
123
Hormone secreted by the endocrine cells of the pancreas. It transports sugar from the blood into cells.
insulin
124
Usually develops 5 to 10 years before type 2 diabetes is diagnosed, and is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease.
Insulin `resistance`
125
severe hypoglycemia caused by an overdose of insulin, decreased intake of food, or excessive exercise. Signs and symptoms are sweating, hunger, confusion, trembling, nervousness, and numbness.
Insulin shock
126
insulin/o
insulin (pancreatic hormone)
127
K+
potassium—an important electrolyte
128
kal/i
potassium
129
Fats are improperly burned, leading to an accumulation of ketones and acids in the body.
ketoacidosis
130
lact/o
milk
131
LH
luteinizing hormone
132
Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; stimulates ovulation in females and `testosterone secretion in males.`
luteinizing hormone (LH)
133
Magnetic waves produce images of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland to locate abnormalities.
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
134
MDI
multiple daily injection—for delivery of either basal or bolus insulin; a diabetes management regimen
135
meaning sweet or like honey, reflecting the sugar content of urine in diabetes mellitus.
mellitus
136
Hormone (steroid) secreted by the adrenal cortex; regulates salts (electrolytes) and water balance in the body. Aldosterone is an example.
mineralocorticoid
137
myx/o
mucus
138
Decreased secretion of the `thyroid gland `in adults. Causes advanced hypothyroidism Atrophy of the thyroid gland occurs, and practically no hormone is produced. The skin becomes dry and puffy `(edema) `because of the collection of `mucus-like `(myx/o = mucus) material accumulates under the skin.
myxedema
139
Na+
sodium—an important electrolyte
140
natr/o
sodium
141
Posterior lobe of the pituitary gland; secretes oxytocin and vasopressin.
neurohypophysis
142
Enlargement of the thyroid gland due to growth of nodules (adenomas) on the thyroid gland.
nodular or adenomatous goiter
143
Hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla; increases heart rate and blood pressure (sympathomimetic). Also called noradrenaline.
norepinephrine
144
OT, OXT
oxytocin
145
Located in the lower abdomen of a female; responsible for egg production and estrogen and progesterone secretion.
ovaries
146
oxy-
rapid; sharp; acid
147
Hormone secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland; stimulates contractions of the uterus during childbirth. Oxy- means rapid, sharp, or acute.
oxytocin (OT)
148
pan-
all
149
Gland located under and behind the stomach; produces the hormone insulin to transport sugar to cells and enzymes to digest foods. Islet (alpha and beta) cells (islets of Langerhans) secrete hormones from the pancreas. The pancreas also contains cells that are exocrine in function. They secrete enzymes, via a duct, into the small intestine to aid digestion.
pancreas
150
pancreat/o
pancreas
151
Excision of the pancreas.
pancreatectomy
152
`Deficiency` of all `pituitary` gland hormones.
panhypopituitarism
153
Secreted by the parathyroid glands; increases blood calcium.
parathormone (PTH)
154
Four small endocrine glands on the posterior (dorsal) side of the thyroid gland; secrete parathormone.
parathyroid glands
155
parathyroid/o
parathyroid glands
156
Removal of parathyroid glands.
parathyroidectomy
157
Benign `tumor` of the adrenal medulla; cells stain a dark or dusky (`phe/o`) color (`chrom/o`).
hypersecrition of epinephrine
pheochromocytoma
158
phys/o
growing
159
Small endocrine gland in the `center` of the brain; secretes melatonin.
(sz of a grain of rice)
pineal gland
160
pituitar/o
pituitary gland; hypophysis
161
Endocrine gland located at the base of the brain in the sella turcica; composed of an anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) and a posterior lobe (neurohypophysis). It weighs only 1⁄16 of an ounce and is a half-inch across.
pituitary gland (hypophysis)
162
adenohypophysis
pituitary gland anterior lobe
163
neurohypophysis
pituitary gland posterior lobe
164
poly-
many; much; increased
165
Excessive thirst.
polydipsia
166
Excessive urination.
polyuria
167
PRL
prolactin
168
Hormone secreted by the ovaries; prepares the uterus for pregnancy.
progesterone
169
Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; promotes milk secretion. The suffix -in means a substance.
prolactin (PRL)
170
PTH
parathyroid hormone (parathormone)
171
RAI
radioactive iodine—treatment for Graves disease
172
# abbreviation and name
(imaging test or scan). Oral radioactive iodine is used to assess thyroid function, nodules, and tumors.
RAIU (thyroid scan)
`r`adio`a`ctive `i`odine` u`ptake
173
Cellular or nuclear protein that binds to a hormone so that a response can be elicited; Organ that receives and transmits a stimulus to sensory nerves; examples are skin, ears, eyes, and taste buds. In pharmacology, a receptor is a target substance with which a drug interacts in the body.
receptor
174
RIA
`r`adio`i`mmuno`a`ssay—measures hormone levels in plasma
175
Cavity in the sphenoid bone at the base of the skull where the pituitary gland is located.
sella turcica
176
Measurement of hormones, electrolytes, glucose, and other substances in serum (blood) and urine as indicators of endocrine function.
serum and urine tests
177
Steroids (androgens and estrogens) produced by the adrenal cortex to influence male and female sexual characteristics.
sex hormones
178
SIADH
`s`yndrome of `i`nappropriate `a`nti`d`iuretic `h`ormone (secretion)
179
SMBG
self-monitoring of blood glucose
180
somat/o
body
181
Hormone secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; growth hormone.
somatotropin
182
ster/o
solid structure; steroid
183
Complex, naturally occurring chemical, such as a hormone. This complex, solid, ring-shaped molecule resembles a sterol (such as cholesterol); many hormones (androgens, estrogens, glucocorticoids, and mineralocorticoids) are steroids.
steroid
184
Pertaining to `mim`icking or copying the effect of the `sympath`etic nervous system; adrenaline and norepinephrine are ____ hormones.
sympathomimetic
185
Excessive secretion of `antidiuretic hormone`.
syndrome of inappropriate ADH (SIADH)
186
T1D
type 1 diabetes
187
T2D
type 2 diabetes
188
T3
triiodothyronine
189
T4
thyroxine—tetraiodothyronine
190
`Cells of an organ` that are affected or stimulated by `specific` hormones.
target tissue
191
TED
thyroid eye disease
192
Two glands enclosed in the scrotal sac of a male; responsible for sperm production and testosterone secretion.
testes
193
Male hormone secreted by the testes.
testosterone
194
`Constant muscle contractions`; Condition of muscle and nerve weakness with spasms associated with `hypocalcemia and hypoparathyroidism.`
tetany
195
tetra-
four
196
Hormone secreted by the thyroid gland that increases body metabolism; thyroxine (T4). Iod/o means iodine.
tetraiodothyronine
197
TFT
thyroid function test
198
thyr/o
thyroid gland; shield
199
thyr/o, thyroid/o
thyroid gland
200
Malignant tumor of the thyroid gland.
thyroid carcinoma
201
Measurement of T4 thyroxine, T3 triiodothyronine, and TSH thyroid-stimulating hormone in the bloodstream.
thyroid function tests
202
Endocrine gland that surrounds the trachea in the neck; secretes thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and calcitonin.
thyroid gland
203
Scanner detects radioactivity and visualizes the thyroid gland. Administration of radioactivity is either intravenous (with radioactive technetium) or oral (with radioactive iodine).
thyroid scan
204
Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. TSH acts on the thyroid gland to promote its functioning. HINT: TSH is not secreted by the thyroid gland.
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH); thyrotropin
205
Inflammation of the thyroid gland.
thyroiditis
206
Hyperthyroidism (overactivity of the thyroid gland). Condition caused by excessive thyroid gland activity and oversecretion of thyroid hormone. Signs and symptoms are sweating, weight loss, tachycardia, and nervousness.
thyrotoxicosis
207
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is a ____ hormone secreted by the pituitary gland.
thyrotropic hormone
208
Hormone secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete its hormones. Also called thyroid-stimulating hormone or TSH.
thyrotropin
209
Hormone secreted by the thyroid gland to increase body metabolism; T4.
thyroxine
210
thyroxine (T4)
Secreted by the thyroid gland; also called tetraiodothyronine. T4 increases metabolism in cells.
211
toc/o
labor; birth; childbirth
212
toxic/o
poison
213
tri-
three
214
Hormone secreted by the thyroid gland; T3 increases & stimulates metabolism in cells HINT: The extra n in -thyronine (pronounced THI-ro-neen) avoids the combination of two vowels (o and i).
triiodothyronine (T3)
215
TSH
thyroid-stimulating hormone—secreted by the anterior pituitary gland
216
Sound waves show images of endocrine organs. Thyroid ultrasound is the best method to evaluate thyroid structures and abnormalities (nodules).
ultrasound examination
217
ur/o
urine; urinary tract
218
Urine studies include dipstick testing for glucose (Clinistix, Labstix) and ketones (Acetest, Ketostix) and measurement of 17-ketosteroids (to check adrenal and gonadal function).
Urinary microalbumin assay
219
Hormone secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland; stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb water. Also called antidiuretic hormone, or ADH.
vasopressin
