ch 19 voccabulary cancer/oncology Flashcards
(130 cards)
1
Q
Drugs are given after primary therapy (surgery or radiation).
A
adjuvant chemotherapy
Adjuvant means to assist
2
Q
Chemotherapeutic synthetic drugs that cause crosslinks and breaks in DNA to stop cells from dividing.
A
alkylating agents
3
Q
Loss of differentiation of cells; reversion to a more primitive cell type.
A
anaplasia
4
Q
Chemotherapeutic drugs found in bacteria and fungi, which cause breaks in DNA strands to inhibit cell division.
A
antibiotics
5
Q
Chemotherapeutic agents that block the synthesis of DNA components (nucleotides) and prevent cells from dividing.
A
antimetabolites
6
Q
Chemotherapeutic chemicals that block the function of a protein necessary for mitosis.
A
antimitotics
7
Q
Programmed cell death. Normal cells undergo ________ when damaged or aging.
A
apoptosis
If cancer cells lose the ability to undergo apoptosis, they survive indefinitely.
(Apo- means off, away; -ptosis means to fall.)
8
Q
Noncancerous growth
A
benign tumor
9
Q
Radiotherapy that uses insertion of sealed containers into body cavities or radioactive seeds directly into the tumor.
A
brachytherapy
10
Q
Agents that cause cancer:
chemicals and drugs, radiation, and viruses.
A
carcinogens
11
Q
Cancerous tumor made up of cells of epithelial origin.
A
carcinoma
12
Q
Treatment with drugs that kill tumor cells.
A
chemotherapy
13
Q
Use of several chemotherapeutic agents to treat tumors.
A
combination chemotherapy
14
Q
Loss of differentiation of cells; reversion to a more primitive, embryonic cell type; anaplasia or undifferentiation.
A
dedifferentiation
15
Q
Genetic material within the nucleus of a cell; controls cell division and protein synthesis.
A
DNAdeoxyribonucleic acid
16
Q
differentiation
A
Specialization of cells
17
Q
Low-energy beams of radiation for treatment of skin or surface tumors.
A
electron beams
18
Q
Surrounded by a capsule; benign tumors are _________
A
encapsulated
19
Q
Radiation is applied to a tumor from a source outside the body.
A
external beam irradiation
20
Q
fractionation
A
Giving radiation in small, repeated doses.
21
Q
Patients and family members are tested to determine whether they have inherited a cancer-causing gene.
A
genetic screening
22
Q
Evaluating the degree of maturity of tumor cells or degree of differentiation.
A
grading of tumors
23
Q
gray (Gy)
A
Unit of absorbed radiation dose.
24
Q
Visual appearance of tumors to the naked eye: cystic, fungating, inflammatory, medullary, necrotic, polypoid, ulcerating, or verrucous.
A
gross description of tumors
25
Cancer treatment using `immune cells and antibodies to kill tumor cells`; CAR-T cell therapy and checkpoint inhibitors are examples.
immunotherapy
26
Extending beyond normal tissue boundaries into `adjacent tissues.`
infiltrative
27
Having the ability to enter and `destroy surrounding tissue.`
invasive
28
Exposure to any form of radiant energy such as light, heat, or x-rays.
irradiation
29
Large electronic device that produces high-energy x-ray beams for treatment of deep-seated tumors.
linear accelerator
30
Tumor having the characteristics of continuous growth, invasiveness, and metastasis.
malignant tumor
31
Pertaining to embryonic connective tissue from which all connective tissues arise. Sarcomas are tumors of connective tissues that arise originally from ________ cells.
mesenchymal
32
Spread of a malignant tumor to a secondary site
metastasis
beyond (meta-) control (-stasis)
33
These terms are _____ _____of tumors
alveolar
carcinoma in situ
diffuse
dysplastic
epidermoid
follicular
papillary
pleomorphic
scirrhous
undifferentiated
microscopic description of tumors
34
Replication of cells by `cell division`; involving the production of `two identical daughter cells from a parent cell.`
mitosis
35
Tumors composed of `different types of tissue` (epithelial as well as connective tissue).
mixed-tissue tumors
36
`Method `of treatment, such as surgery, chemotherapy, or irradiation.
modality
37
Use of drugs to attack specific `targets` (mutations) that drive cancer cell growth.
molecularly targeted therapy
38
These are `antibodies` created in a laboratory by special reproductive (`cloning`) techniques. They are designed to attack specific cancer cells directly or to activate T cells (or other effector cells) to kill the tumor.
monoclonal antibodies
39
Condition of being unwell or deficient in normal function.
morbidity
40
Containing mucus
(a thick whitish secretion).
mucinous
41
`Change in the genetic material` (DNA) of a cell; may be caused by chemicals, radiation, or viruses or may occur spontaneously.
mutation
42
`Drugs` are given `before primary therapy` (surgery or radiation) to reduce the size of a tumor.
neoadjuvant chemotherapy
43
neoplasm
New growth; benign or malignant tumor.
44
Component of DNA (gene) including sugar, phosphate, and a base. The arrangement of ____________'s on a gene is the genetic code.
nucleotide
45
`Region of DNA` in tumor cells (cellular ____ or in viruses (viral ____) that `causes cancer`.
oncogene
46
Relieving but not curing symptoms.
palliative
47
Possessing a `stem or stalk (peduncle);` characteristic of some polypoid tumors.
pedunculated
48
`Radiation therapy` using energy in the form of` x-rays or gamma rays.`
A `linear accelerator` produces ____ beams to treat tumors.
photon therapy
49
Detailed `plan for treatment` of an illness.
protocol
50
`Subatomic positively charged particles` produced by a `cyclotron` deposit a dose of radiation at a tightly `focused point` in the body.
proton therapy
51
Energy carried by a stream of particles.
radiation
52
`Area` of the body undergoing `irradiation` to treat a tumor from a specific angle.
radiation field
53
`Tumor that is completely destroyed by radiation` therapy. `Usually, this is a localized tumor with no evidence of metastasis.
Ex. Early Hodgkin lymphoma, and seminomas of the testes
radiocurable tumor
54
`Tumor` that `survives` large doses of `radiation`.
radioresistant tumor
55
Tumor for which radiation can cause the death of cells without serious damage to surrounding tissue.
radiosensitive tumor
56
`Drugs that increase the sensitivity` of tumors to `x-rays.`
radiosensitizers
57
`Treatment` of tumors using doses of `radiation`
radiotherapy / radiation therapy
58
Recurrence of tumor after treatment.
relapse
59
Absence of signs and symptoms of disease (tumor).
remission
60
Cellular substance that, along with DNA, plays a role in protein synthesis.
ribonucleic acid (RNA)
61
Cancerous (malignant) tumor derived from connective-flesh and blood forming tissue. Less common than carcinomoas.
sarcoma
62
Having the appearance of a thin, watery fluid (serum).
serous
63
Having no stem; characteristic of some polypoid tumors.
Type of polyp that extends from a broad base as opposed to growing on a stalk.
sessile
64
Imaging study performed before radiation therapy using CT scan and/or MRI to map the treatment area.
Required in the treatment planning phase for all patients undergoing radiotherapy.
simulation
65
Tumor composed of a mass of cells.
solid tumor
66
System of evaluating/classifying tumors on the basis of extent of spread.
staging of tumors
67
Single large dose of radiation is delivered under precise `3D `guidance.
The aim is to destroy small tumors, usually at a single site in the body.
stereotactic radiosurgery
(SRS)
68
Examples of ________ ________ to treat cancer
cryosurgery
cauterization
en bloc resection
excisional biopsy
exenteration
fulguration
incisional biopsy
surgical procedures
69
`Pieces of DNA` from `viruses` that, when mutated, cause normal cells to become `malignant`.
viral oncogenes
70
Infectious agent that reproduces by entering a host cell and using the host’s genetic material to make copies of itself.
virus
71
# microscopic description of tumor
cell arrangement (found in connective tissue tumors).
also means pertaining to an alveolus-individual secion or air sac in the lung
alveolar
72
General ill health and `mal`nutrition (wasting of muscle and emaciation) associated with chronic, severe disease
(`-hexia` means state or condition).
cachexia
73
# microscopic description of tumor
Localized cancer; confined to the `site` of origin.
carcinoma in situ
74
# surgical procedure
Burning a lesion to destroy tumor cells
cauterization or electrocauterization
75
# surgical procedure:
Freezing a lesion to kill tumor cells
cryosurgery
76
# Gross description of tumor:
Tumors form large, open spaces filled with fluid;
Ex. serous and mucinous tumors
cystic tumor
77
Malignant tumor of `fibrous` or `connective` tissue.
fibrosarcoma
78
# Microscopic description of tumor:
Glandular tumors. Pertaining to small, round gland-type clusters.
follicular
79
# Gross description of tumor:
growth in which cells pile one on top of another and project from the tissue surface. (mushrooming pattern)
fungating tumor
80
# Gross description of tumor:
Tumors are large, soft, and fleshy:
medullary tumor
81
`Inflammation` of `mucous` membranes; often a side effect of radiation therapy or chemotherapy.
mucositis
82
Pertaining to producing a mutation.
mutagenic
83
# Gross description of tumor
tumor containing dead tissue:
necrotic tumor
84
Genetic disorder that causes tumors (usually noncancerous) to form in nerve tissue.
neurofibromatosis
85
oncology
Study of tumors (malignant tumors).
86
# microscopic description of tumor:
Pertaining to nipple-like projections.
papillary
87
# Microscopic description of tumor:
Cells that are highly `abnormal` but not clearly cancerous. The suffix -tic means pertaining to.
dysplastic
88
# Micorscopic description of tumor:
Tumors that are composed of a variety of cells.
pleomorphic
89
# Gross description of tumor:
`Tumors` projecting from a base; `resembling a polyp.`
Grow out of the mucous lining of a hollow organ (colon, nose, female reporductive)
Ex. sessile and pedunculated tumors
polypoid tumor
90
Malignant tumor of bone.
osteosarcoma
91
# microscopic description of tumor:
Pertaining to hard, densely packed tumors, overgrown with fibrous tissue.
scirrhous
92
dry mouth
xerostomia
93
Childhood cancer arising from immature cells in the retina.
retinoblastoma
94
`Malignant` childhood tumor originating in cells of the `nervous system.`
neuroblastoma
95
`Formation or production `of `cancer`.
carcinogenesis
96
`Cancerous` tumor of `glandular` tissue.
adenocarcinoma
97
Condition of increased formation of cells.
hyperplasia
98
`Bone marrow `activity `decreases causing impaired` formation of blood cells
Ex. leukopenia, anemia, and thrombocytopenia
myelosuppression
99
# Microscopic description of tumor:
Cells that `resemble epidermal `tissue.
epidermoid
100
Also called external beam radiotherapy.
teletherapy
101
a mutation where two different chromosomes switch locations is called a?
translocation
102
tumor of `glandular` tissue (`benign`)
adenoma
103
partial or complete hair loss
alopecia
104
Loss of skin over an irradiated area
desquamation
105
# Micrscopic description of tumor:
`Spreading evenly` throughout the affected tissue
diffuse
106
When DNA controls the production of new proteins it is called?
protein synthesis
107
# surgical procedure:
Removal of entire tumor and regional lymph nodes.
Ex. Mastectomy, colectomy, and gastrectomy
en bloc resection
108
# surgical procedure:
Removal of tumor and a margin of normal tissue for `diagnosis` and possible cure of `small tumors`
excisional biopsy
109
# surgical procedure:
Wide resection involving `removal of tumor`, its `organ of origin`, and `surrounding tissue` in the body space
exenteration
110
exposure of tissue to radiation
irradiation
111
Abnormal condition (proliferation) of `fibrous` connective tissue;
pulmonary ____ occurs in the lung as a side effect of radiation for lung cancer.
fibrosis
112
# surgical procedure:
Placement of a very `thin needle` inside the tumor mass and `extraction `of cells for microscopic evaluation.
fine needle aspiration
113
# surgical procedure:
Destruction of tissue by electric sparks generated by a high-frequency current
fulguration
114
Eache DNA piece, contains the code for making a single protein
gene
115
term when doctors classify tumors on the basis of microscopic appearance
grade
116
# surgical procedure:
Cutting `into` a tumor and removing a piece to establish a `diagnosis`
incisional biopsy
117
Loss of reproductive function:
infertility
118
# Gross description of tumor:
Characterized by redness, swelling, and heat
inflammatory
119
Treatment using a linear accelerator `in` the `operating` room.
Intraoperative radiation therapy (IORT)
120
Inflammation and ulceration of lining cells in the mouth caused by radiation to the jaw:
oral mucositis
121
tumor of bone (benign)
osteoma
122
Inflammation of the lungs.
pneumonitis
123
`Procedure` that can be used to `remove` as much of the primary `tumor mass` as possible to improve results of irradiation or drug therapy.
debulking procedure
124
New type of growths in separate sites from the primary tumor:
secondary tumors
125
subatomic particles
protons
126
# Gross description of tumor:
Characterized by large, open, exposed surfaces
ulcerating
127
# Microscopic description of tumor:
Description of cells or tissues that `do not have specialized` (“mature”) structures or functions.
____ cancer cells often grow and spread quickly.
undifferentiated
128
# Gross description of tumor:
Tumors resemble wart-like growths
verrucous
129
inflammation of the urinary bladder
cystitis
130
inflammation of the rectum and anus
proctitis
