ch 8 female reproduction Flashcards
(340 cards)
1
Q
3 Fetal presentations
A
- Cephalic presentation with head first.
- Breech presentation with buttocks first.
- Footling breech presentation with foot first.
2
Q
is a partial hysterectomy that preserves the cervix.
A
Laparoscopic supracervical hysterectomy
3
Q
abbreviation and term for:
hysterectomy removal through the vagina
A
Vaginal hysterectomy (VH)
4
Q
instrument to hold apart the vaginal walls
A
vaginal speculum
5
Q
____ is used to evaluate a patient with an abnormal Pap test result.
A
Colposcop
6
Q
-arche
A
beginning
7
Q
-cyesis
A
pregnancy
8
Q
-gravida
A
pregnant
9
Q
-parous
A
bearing, bringing forth
10
Q
-rrhea
A
discharge
11
Q
-salpinx
A
fallopian (uterine) tube
12
Q
-tocia
A
labor, birth
13
Q
-version
A
act of turning
14
Q
“APGAR” acronym
A
Appearance (color), Pulse (heart rate), Grimace (response to catheter in nostril), Activity (muscle tone), and Respiration (respiratory effort).
15
Q
2 other histopathologic (histo- means tissue) types of breast cancer are
A
lobular
and medullary carcinoma of the breast.
16
Q
3 types of placenta previa.
A
- placenta
accreta(on thewallbut not in muscle), - placenta increta (
inuterine muscle) - placenta
percreta(attaching toanother organ).
17
Q
A persistent HPV infection may lead to precancerous changes called
A
cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). CIN is also known as cervical dysplasia (abnormal cell growth).
18
Q
a procedure is used to further assess and often treat abnormal cervical tissue.
A
loop electrocautery excision procedure (LEEP)
19
Q
A second receptor protein, is found in some breast cancers and signals a high risk of tumor recurrence.
A
HER2
20
Q
AB
A
abortion
21
Q
Termination of pregnancy.
Spontaneous abortion, commonly called pregnancy loss or miscarriage, occurs without apparent cause.
Therapeutic abortion is performed when the health of the pregnant woman is endangered.
Elective abortion is performed at the request of the woman.
methods for abortion: medical abortion using drugs and surgical abortions by D&C and aspiration.
A
abortion (AB)
22
Q
Premature separation of the normally implanted placenta.
A
abruptio placentae
23
Q
Fallopian tubes, ovaries, and supporting ligaments.
A
adnexa of the uterus
24
Q
AFP
A
alpha-fetoprotein—high levels indicate increased risk of neurologic birth defects in the infant.
25
After either lumpectomy or mastectomy if lymph nodes are involved, or if the primary tumor was large, ____ is given to prevent recurrence of the tumor.
adju`vant `(aiding) chemotherapy
26
`A`bsence of menses for 6 months or for more than three of the patient’s normal menstrual cycles.
amenorrhea
27
amni/o
amnion
28
Needle puncture of the amniotic sac to withdraw amniotic fluid for analysis
amniocentesis
29
Innermost membrane surrounding the embryo and fetus.
amnion
30
fluid produced by fetal membranes and the fetus.
amniotic fluid
31
an episiotomy incision is repaired by a
`perine`o`rrhaphy`.
32
`Pertaining` to the `a`bsence of `ovulat`ion.
an`ovulatory`
33
is a system of scoring an infant’s physical condition at 1 minute and again at 5 minutes after birth.
Heart rate, respiration, color, muscle tone, and response to stimuli each are rated 0, 1, or 2. The maximum total score is 10. Infants with Apgar scores below 7 require immediate medical attention such as suctioning of the airways or oxygen to help breathing.
Apgar score
34
Dark-pigmented area surrounding the breast nipple.
areola
35
Drugs that block the production of `estrogen from fat cells by inhibiting the enzyme aromatase`. Examples are anas`trozole` (Arimidex) and le`trozole` (Femara).
aroma`tase `inhibitors
36
ART
`A`ssisted `R`eproductive `T`echniques, including `IVF` and `sperm` donation
37
accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity
ascites
38
a fluid-filled sac caused by blockage of a duct from the Bartholin gland. If bacterial infection occurs, an abscess may form.
Bartholin cyst
39
Small mucus-secreting exocrine glands at the vaginal orifice (opening to outside of the body). Caspar ____ was a Danish anatomist who described the glands in 1637.
Bartholin glands
40
`barth`olin/o
Bartholin gland
41
Inflammation of Bartholin glands.
`bartholin`itis
42
Because of the `strange` assortment of tissue types in the tumor, this tumor often is called a
benign cystic `teratoma` (terat/o = monster) or a mature teratoma.
43
`BR`CA1 BR`CA`2
`br`east `ca`ncer 1 and 2—genetic mutations associated with increased risk for breast cancer
44
Malignant tumor of the breast (arising from milk glands and ducts).
breast cancer
45
Technologies using `sound waves` and a `magnetic field` to create `images of breast` tissue.
breast ultrasound imaging and breast MRI
46
BSE
`b`reast `s`elf-`e`xamination
47
C-section, CS
cesarean section
48
CA-`125`
protein marker elevated in `ovarian` `ca`ncer
49
an early, localized, precancerous neoplastic lesions
Carcinoma in situ (CIS)
50
Destruction of tissue by burning. Destruction of abnormal tissue with chemicals (silver nitrate) or an electrically heated instrument. Cauterization is used to treat cervical dysplasia or cervical erosion. The loop electrocautery excision procedure (LEEP) (see Figure 8-27A) is used to further assess and often treat abnormal cervical tissue.
cauterization
51
The fetus `turns` so that the `head` is the body part closest to the cervix
cephalic `version`
52
cervic/o
cervix, neck
53
`Malignant` cells within the `cervix`.
cervical cancer (`carcinoma` of the `cervix`)
54
Precancerous neoplastic lesions (cells) caused by a persistant HPV infection.
Cervical carcinoma in situ (CIS) is equivalent to CIN-3.
cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN).
55
Inflammation of the cervix.
cervicitis
56
Lower, neck-like portion of the uterus.
cervix
57
Surgical incision of the abdominal wall and uterus to deliver a fetus.
cesarean section
58
chori/o, chorion/o
chorion
59
`Malignant` tumor of the `placenta`.
`chori`o`carcinoma`
60
Outermost membrane surrounding the embryo and fetus; it forms the `fetal part of the placenta.`
chorion
61
Pertaining to the chorion.
chorion`ic`
62
`Sampling` of placental tissues (`chorionic villi`) for prenatal diagnosis.
chorionic villus sampling (`CVS`)
63
CIN
cervical intraepithelial neo`plasia`
64
CIS
`c`arcinoma `i`n `s`itu
65
Organ of sensitive erectile tissue anterior to the opening of the female urethra.
clitoris
66
Sexual intercourse; copulation. Pronunciation is KO-ih-tus.
coitus
67
colp/o
vagina
68
Visual examination of the vagina and cervix using a colposcope.
colposcopy
69
Removal of a `cone`-shaped section (cone biopsy) of the cervix. The physician resects the tissue using a LEEP (loop electrocautery excision procedure), or with a carbon dioxide laser or surgical knife (scalpel).
conization
70
Empty `ovarian follicle` that secretes progesterone after release of the egg cell; literally means yellow (luteum) body (corpus).
corpus luteum
71
destroying tissue by freezing of the diseased area and treatment with antibiotics may be indicated.
cryocauterization
72
Use of cold temperatures to destroy tissue. A liquid nitrogen probe produces the freezing (cry/o means cold) temperature. Also called cryocauterization.
cryosurgery
73
Region in the lower abdomen, midway between the rectum and the uterus.
cul-de-sac
74
CVS
`c`horionic` v`ill`us` `s`ampling
75
Cx
`c`ervi`x`
76
`cysts` tht are `malignant` and lined with tumor cells
cyst`adeno`carcinomas
77
D&C
dilation (dilatation) and curettage
78
DCIS
`d`uctal `c`arcinoma `i`n `s`itu; a precancerous breast lesion that indicates a higher risk for invasive ductal breast cancer
79
type of cyst that can grow in the overy with hair, skin, and teeth.
Dermoid cyst
80
Widening the cervix and scraping off the endometrial lining of the uterus. Dilation is accomplished by inserting a series of dilators of increasing diameter. A curette (or curet) (metal loop at the end of a long, thin handle) is then used to sample the uterine lining. This procedure helps diagnose uterine disease and can temporarily halt prolonged or heavy uterine bleeding. When necessary, a D&C is used to remove the tissue during a spontaneous or therapeutic abortion (Figure 8-28).
dilation (dilatation) and curettage (D&C)
81
widening the cervical canal &scraping the inner lining of the uterus for diagnosis.
dilation and curettage
82
Genetic chromosome abnormality (trisomy 21), which can cause distinct facial appearance, intellectual disability, and developmental delays.
Down syndrome
83
DUB
`d`ysfunctional `u`terine `b`leeding
84
non-invasive breast cancer. It starts in milk ducts and does not spread beyond its original location (in situ).
Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is
85
dys-
painful
86
Painful, difficult menses (menstruation).
dysmenorrhea
87
`P`ainf`u`l sexual `i`ntercourse.
dys`pare`unia
Pareunia means sexual intercourse.
88
difficult, obstructed labor, or abnormal birth
dysto`cia`
89
the final and most severe phase of untreated preeclampsia. It often causes seizures and even death of the mother and baby.
Eclampsia is
90
Implantation of the fertilized egg outside the uterus.
`ect`opic pregnancy
91
Stage in prenatal development from 2 to 8 weeks.
embryo
92
endo-
within
93
`Inflammation` of the `inner lining `of the `cervix` (lower, neck-like portion of the uterus).
`endo`cervicitis
94
`Malignant` tumor of the `uterine lining`.
endometrial cancer (carcinoma of the endometrium)
95
Endometrial tissue located outside the uterus.dyspareunia may also occur. When endometriosis affects the ovaries, large cysts filled with menstrual blood (“chocolate cysts”) develop.
endometriosis
96
Inflammation of the inner lining of the uterus. Usually caused by a bacterial infection.
endometritis
97
Inner, mucous membrane lining of the uterus.
endometrium
98
episi/o
vulva
99
An incision through the skin of the perineum enlarges the vaginal orifice for delivery.
episiotomy
100
ER
estrogen receptor
101
Hormone produced by the ovaries and by the placenta during pregnancy; promotes female secondary sex characteristics. Targets the uterus to build up the endometrial lining
estrogen
102
proteins indicate that the tumor will respond to therapy that blocks the stimulation of estrogen.
Two thirds of breast cancers are `ER`-positive (ER+).
estrogen receptors (ERs)
103
Removal of internal organs within a cavity. Pelvic ____ is an extensive surgery with removal of the organs and adjacent structures of the pelvis.
`exen`teration
104
One of a pair of ducts through which the ovum travels to the uterus; also called an oviduct. The tubes were named for Gabriello Fallopia, an Italian anatomist.
fallopian tube
105
Union of the sperm and ovum from which the embryo develops.
fertilization
106
Recording of the fetal heart rate and maternal uterine contractions to assess fetal status and the progress of labor.
fetal monitoring
107
Stage in prenatal development from 8 weeks to birth.
fetus
108
FHR
fetal heart rate
109
Numerous small `sacs of fluid surrounded` by dense strands of `fibrous` tissue in the `breast`.
fibrocystic breast disease
110
Fibroid ablation (destruction) without surgery may be accomplished by ____ in which tiny pellets (acting as emboli) are injected into a `uterine` `artery`, `blocking the blood supply `to fibroids, causing them to shrink.
uterine artery embolization (UAE),
111
Benign tumors in the uterus.
fibroids
112
Fibroids, also called
`lei`o`myo`mata or `leiomyo`mas (lei/o = smooth, my/o = muscle, and -oma = tumor), are composed of fibrous tissue and muscle.
113
Finger- or fringe-like projections at the end of the fallopian tubes.
fimb`ri`ae (singular: fimbr`i`a)
114
Withdrawal of fluid or tissue from a cyst or solid mass by suction with a needle.
fine needle aspiration
115
FNA
fine needle aspiration
116
Secreted by the pituitary gland to stimulate maturation of the egg cell (ovum).
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
117
For small primary tumors, the lump with immediately surrounding tissue can be removed
lumpectomy T
118
FSH
follicle-stimulating hormone
119
G
gravida (pregnant)
120
galact/o
milk
121
Abnormal, persistent discharge of milk, commonly seen with pituitary gland tumors.
galactorrhea
122
Male or female sexual reproductive cell; sperm cell or ovum.
gamete
123
Reproductive organs; also called gonads.
genitalia
124
Time period from fertilization of the ovum to birth; pregnancy.
gestation
125
GnRH
`g`o`n`adot`ropin`-`r`eleasing `h`ormone—secreted by the *hypothalamus* to stimulate release of *FSH and LH* from the pituitary gland
126
Female or male reproductive organ that produces sex cells and hormones; ovary or testis.
gonad
127
GYN
gynecology
128
gynec/o
woman, female
129
Study of the female reproductive organs, including the breasts.
gynecology
130
Enlargement of breasts in a male. It often occurs with puberty or aging, or the condition can be drug-related.
gynecomastia
131
hCG or HC`G`
human chorionic `gonadotropin`
132
HDN
`h`emolytic `d`isease of the `n`ewborn
133
`Destruction of red blood cells` in the `newborn` caused by a `blood group (Rh factor`) incompatibility between the mother and the fetus.
`H`emolytic `d`isease in the `n`ewborn (`HDN`)
134
HE`R``2`
`h`uman `e`pidermal `growth factor` `r`eceptor `2;` a `protein` that promotes the `growth of breast cancer cells`
135
an `antibody` that binds to and blocks` HER`2, is effective in stopping growth when used with chemotherapy.
`Her`cep`tin`
136
HPV
human papill`oma`virus
137
HRT
hormone replacement therapy
138
HS`G`
`h`ystero`s`al`ping`o`g`raphy
139
`Hormone` produced by the `placenta`, targets the ovary *corpus luteumto sustain pregnancy by stimulating (-`tropin`) the `ovaries to produce estrogen and progesterone.`
`h`uman `c`horionic `g`onadotropin (`h`CG)
140
is the cause and risk factor for developing cancer. Other factors that may act together with HPV to increase the risk of developing cervical cancer include cigarette smoking, having multiple sexual partners, and having a weakened immune system (e.g., patients with AIDS). Human papillomavirus is the most widespread sexually transmitted infection in the world. In countries with high rates of HPV infection, cervical cancer may become the most common cancer in adult women. There are over 100 types of HPV. Some cause genital warts (benign growths on the vulva, cervix, vagina, or anus), whereas others can cause cancer, most commonly of the cervix, vagina, vulva, anus, penis, or head and neck.
Human papillomavirus (HPV)
141
Accumulation of fluid in the spaces of the brain.
hydrocephalus
142
Mucous membrane partially or completely covering the opening to the vagina.
hymen
143
hyster/o
uterus, womb
144
Removal of the uterus.
hysterectomy
145
X-ray `imaging` of the `uterus` and `fallopian` tubes after injection of contrast material.
hysterosalpingography (`HSG`)
146
A gynecologist uses an endoscope (`passed through the vagina and cervix`) to `view the uterine cavity`.
hysteroscopy
147
ICSI
`i`ntra`c`ytoplasmic `s`perm `i`njection
148
IDC
`i`nvasive `d`uctal `c`arcinoma
149
In patients with large primary tumors, ____ may be administered to reduce tumor bulk and allow for complete surgical removal of the tumor.
neoadjuvant chemotherapy (added prior to surgery)
150
Egg and sperm cells are combined outside the body in a laboratory dish (in vitro) to facilitate fertilization. After an incubation period of 3 to 5 days, the fertilized ova are injected into the uterus through the cervix. (Latin in vitro means in glass, as used for laboratory containers.)
in vitro fertilization (IVF)
151
in-
in
152
Acute `lung` disease commonly seen in the `premature newborn`.This condition is caused by `d`eficiency of `s`urfactant, a protein necessary for proper lung function.
`i`nfant `r`espiratory `d`istress `s`yndrome (IRDS)
153
Infants normally have a soft spot or ____ between the cranial bones that allows for some swelling during the birth of the baby.
fontanelle
154
`Pertaining` to `below` the `breast`.
inframammary
Infra- means below.
155
BRCA1 and BRCA2 (short for breast cancer 1 and breast cancer 2).
Inherited mutations in genes that greatly increase the risk of developing ovarian and breast cancer.
156
intra-
within
157
This is the `direct injection` of `sperm` into harvested ova.
intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI).
158
intrauterine device
IUD
159
the process by which the `uterus` `returns` to `i`ts pre-pregnancy size and shape after childbirth.
`i`n`volution` of the `uterus`
Vol- means to roll.
160
IRDS
infant respiratory distress syndrome
161
is a lighted magnifying instrument resembling a small, mounted pair of binoculars. Gynecologists prefer colposcopy for pelvic examination when cervical dysplasia is present because it identifies the specific areas of abnormal cells. A biopsy specimen can then be taken for more accurate diagnosis (Figure 8-26).
colposcope
162
is removal of the `entire` `uterus` (including the cervix) through an `abdominal` incision
`T`otal `a`bdominal `h`ysterectomy (`TAH`)
163
IUD
intrauterine device; contraceptive
164
IVF
in vitro fertilization
165
Lips of the vagina; ____ majora are the larger, outermost lips, and ____ minora are the smaller, innermost lips.
labia
166
lact/o
milk
167
The normal secretion of milk.
lactation
168
Tubes that carry milk from the mammary glands to the nipple.
lactiferous ducts
169
`Visual examination` of the` abdominal cavity` using an endoscope (____). In this procedure, a form of minimally invasive surgery (MIS), small incisions (5 to 10 mm long) are made near the woman’s navel for introduction of the ____ and other instruments. Uses of ____ include inspection and removal of ovaries (Figure 8-30) and fallopian tubes, diagnosis and treatment of endometriosis, and removal of fibroids. ____ also is used to perform subtotal (cervix is left in place) and total hysterectomies.
laparoscopy
170
midwife.
Latin obstetrix,
171
LEEP
loop electrocautery excision procedure
172
This vagina`l ``discharge` is normal or becomes more yellow (purulent or pus-containing) as a sign of infection.
leukorrhea
173
LH
luteinizing hormone
174
Secreted by the pituitary gland to promote ovulation. produced in the Pituitary gland and targets the ovary to stimulate ovulation
LH, Luteinizing hormone
175
t`y`ing `off` and does not pertain solely to the fa`l`lopian tubes—which may be “tied” using clips or bands, or by surgically cutting or burning through the tissue.
Ligation
176
LMP
last menstrual period
177
local resection of CIS may be necessary to prevent development of invasive cancer.
conization
178
the inside space of a tubular structure, such as an artery or intestine. It comes from `L`atin ____ 'an `opening`', of the fallopian tube
lumen
179
mamm/o
breast
180
Nip`pl`e of the `breast`.
mammary pa`pilla`
A `papilla` is any small nipple-shaped projection.
181
X-ray imaging of the breast.
mammography
182
Includes reduction and augmentation (enlargement) operations.
mammoplasty
183
mast/o
breast
184
removal of the entire breast
mastectomy
185
Usually caused by streptococcal or staphylococcal infection.
mastitis
186
Abnormal `inhalation` of `meconium` produced by a fetus or newborn. Meconium, a thick, `s`ticky, greenish to black substance, is the first intestinal discharge (stools) from newborns
meconium aspiration syndrome
187
men/o
menses, menstruation
188
`Beginning` of the first `men`strual period and ability to reproduce.
men`arche`
189
Excessive `uterine` `bleeding` during and between `men`strual periods.
`men`o`metr`o`rrhagia`
Men=mensus, menstration
metr/o=uterus, womb
rrhagia= bleeding bursting forth
190
`Gradual end`ing of `men`struation.
menopause
191
Abnormally heavy or long `men`strual `periods`. Fibroids are a leading cause of ____.
menorrhagia
192
`Men`struation; monthly `discharge` of blood from the lining of the uterus
`men`o`rrhea`
193
menses is also called
menstruation
194
Monthly shedding of the uterine lining. The flow of blood and tissue normally discharged during menstruation is called the menses (Latin mensis means month).
menstruation
195
metr/o, metri/o
uterus
196
Bleeding `between` `men`ses. Possible causes of ____ include ectopic pregnancy, cervical polyps, and ovarian and uterine tumors.
metr`o`rrhagia
197
MIS
`m`inimally` i`nvasive `s`urgery
198
(`cutting up` uterine tissue in the abdomen) is commonly performed when the uterus or fibroids are removed laparoscopically. It is contraindicated in situations of suspected malignancy or pre-malignancy.
`Morcell`ation
199
multi-
many
200
A woman who has been pregnant more than once.
multigravida
201
multip
multipara; multiparous
202
Woman who has delivered more than one viable infant.
multipara
203
Presence of more than one embryo developing in the uterus during pregnancy.
multiple gestations
204
my/o, myom/o
muscle, muscle tumor
205
Removal of fibroids (`myom`as) from the ut`e`rus.
`myom`ectomy
206
`Muscle` layer of the `uterus`.
myometrium
207
nat/i
birth
208
Pertaining to a new birth.
neonatal
209
Study of the medical care of the newborn (neonate).
neonatology
210
nulli-
no, not, none
211
Woman who has never been pregnant.
nulligravida
212
Woman who has `never` g`i`ven `birth` to an infant.
nullipara
213
o/o
egg
214
OB
obstetrics
215
obstetr/o
pregnancy and childbirth
216
Branch of medicine and surgery concerned with pregnancy and childbirth.
obstetrics
217
Infrequent menstrual periods or `scanty menses`.
oligomenorrhea
218
Immature ovum.
oocyte
219
`Formation` `o`f `o`va (egg cells).
`o`o`genesis`
220
oophor/o
ovary
221
a surgical procedure to remove one or both ovaries. Oophor/o means to bear (phor/o) eggs (o/o). In a bilateral ____, both ovaries are removed.
oophorectomy
222
Inflammation of an ovary.
oophoritis
223
An opening.
orifice
224
ov/o
egg
225
ovari/o
ovary
226
Pertaining to an ovary.
ovarian
227
Malignant tumor of the ovary (adenocarcinoma).
ovarian cancer
228
Fluid-filled sacs within the ovary.
ovarian cysts
229
Tiny sac in the ovary that contains an egg cell (ovum). Developing sac enclosing each ovum within the ovary. Only about 400 of these sacs mature in a woman’s lifetime.
ovarian follicle
230
One of a pair of female organs (gonads) on each side of the pelvis. Ovaries are almond-shaped, about the size of large walnuts, and produce egg cells (ova) and hormones.
ovary
231
oviduct is also called the:
fallopian tube.
232
ovul/o
egg
233
Re`l`ease of the `ovu`m from the ovary.
ovulation
234
Mature egg cell (female gamete). ____ develop from immature egg cells called oocytes.
ovum (plural: ova)
235
a rapid `o`r unusually fas`t` childbirth.
oxytocia
Oxy- means sharp or quick.
236
`test` for cervical or vaginal cancer
Pap test
237
Microscopic examination of cells removed from the vagina and cervix.
Pap test (Pap smear)
238
para 2-0-1-2
a `woman’s reproductive history`: 2 full-term infants, 0 preterm, 1 abortion, and 2 living children
239
Act of giving birth.
parturition
240
`Inflammation` and infection of organs in the `pelvis` and abdomen; salpingitis, oophoritis, endometritis, endocervicitis.____ is usually caused by sexually transmitted infections.
`p`elvic `i`nflammatory `d`isease (`PID`)
241
Recording images of `sound` waves as they bounce off organs in the `pelvic` region.
pelvic ultrasonography
242
Outermost layer of the uterus; uterine serosa.
perimetrium
243
perine/o
perineum
244
Suture of the perineum (following an episiotomy).
perineorrhaphy
245
In females, the area between the anus and the vagina.
perineum
246
phor/o
to bear
247
PID
pelvic inflammatory disease
248
Endocrine gland at the base of the brain. It produces hormones that stimulate the ovaries. The pituitary gland also regulates other endocrine organs.
pituitary gland
249
Vascular organ attached to the uterine wall during pregnancy. It permits the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and fetal waste products between mother and fetus.
placenta
250
Implantation of the placenta over the cervical opening or in the lower region of the uterus. Previa means before or in the front of.
placenta previa
251
PMS
premenstrual syndrome
252
pre-
before
253
Abnormal condition associated with pregnancy, marked by high blood pressure, proteinuria, edema, and headache.
preeclampsia
254
Gestation.
pregnancy
255
Blood or urine test to detect the presence of hCG.
pregnancy test
256
pertaining to before birth. ____ screening tests include fetal ultrasound and maternal blood testing to assess the risk of birth defects in the fetus.
prenatal
257
primi-
first
258
A woman during her `first pregnancy
primigravida
`(primi- means first). Gravida also is used to designate a pregnant woman, often followed by a number to indicate the number of pregnancies (gravida 1, 2, 3).
259
primip
primipara; primiparous
260
Woman who has given birth to her first child.
primipara
261
Pertaining to a woman who has given` birth to her first child.` An `adjective`
primiparous
262
`p`roduced in the Ovary (corpus luteum), Placenta (during pregnancy) and targets the uterus to sustain uterine lining and placenta during pregnancy
progesterone
263
No `p`regnan`cy` `e`xist`s,` but physical changes such as weight gain and amenorrhea occur.
pseudo`cyesis`
Pseudo- means false.
264
Period of adolescent development at which secondary sex characteristics appear and gametes are produced.
puberty
265
`Narrowing` of the opening of the `st`omach to the duodenum.
pyloric stenosis
266
`Pus` in a `fallopian` tube.
`py`o`salpinx`
267
Surgical treatment for cervical cancer in which the entire uterus with ligaments, supportive tissues, and the top one third of the vagina are removed.
radical hysterectomy
268
RAS
`r`obotic-`a`ssisted `s`urgery
269
retro-
backward
270
refers to the backward flow of menstrual blood and tissue from the uterus, through the fallopian tubes, and into the pelvic cavity. While often a normal physiological event, retrograde menstruation is not always associated with endometriosis, a condition where endometrial tissue implants outside the uterus.
retrograde menstruation
271
The uterus is abnormally `tilted` `backward`. This occurs in 30% of women.
retroversion
272
performed by a surgeon using a computer to manipulate robotic arms. It is very commonly used for hysterectomies and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomies. It has been rigorously evaluated and has fewer complications, lower blood loss, and decreased length of hospital stay.
Robotic surgery (robotic-assisted surgery, or RAS)
273
salping/o
fallopian tubes
274
Removal of a fallopian tube.
salpingectomy
275
SLN biopsy or SNB
sentinel lymph node biopsy—blue dye or a radioisotope (or both) identifies the first lymph node draining the breast lymphatics
276
Sexually Transmitted Infection caused by chlamydial bacteria
chlamydia
277
Sexually Transmitted Infection caused by gonococcal bacteria
gonorrhea
278
Sexually Transmitted Infection caused by HSV- herpes simplex virus.
genital herpes
279
Sexually Transmitted Infection caused by human papillomavirus
HPV infection and genital warts
280
Sexually Transmitted Infection caused by spirochete bacteria
syphilis
281
significantly reduce`s` the `o`dds of develo`p`ing `o`varian cancer if a woman is at high risk.
Prophylactic (preventive) `salpingo`-`oophorectomy`
282
a biop`s`y performed wi`t`h `t`he help of mammography for guidan`c`e.
stereotactic `core needle biopsy`
283
TAH-BSO
t`otal `a`bdominal `h`ysterectomy with `b`ilateral `s`alpingo-`o`ophorectomy
284
drug that directly blocks the ER receptor
tam`axi`fen
285
The most common sign of endometrial cancer is
postmenopausal bleeding.
286
The most common type of breast cancer `i`s
invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC).
287
The most recent method of mammography is ____.
hint: digital t-syn-th-s
`digital tomosynthesis`. In this procedure, an x-ray tube moves in an arc around the breast as several images are taken. These images are sent to a computer and clear, highly focused three-dimensional pictures are produced. This procedure makes breast cancer easier to find in dense breast tissue; also called `3D mammography`.
288
Three hereditary brest cancer gene mutations
BRCA1, BRCA2, and `PALB2` (`p`artner `a`nd `l`ocalizer of `B`RCA1 and `B`RCA2)
289
# what is the:
removal of the entire uterus—fundus, corpus, and cervix. This may be performed via an abdominal incision or vaginally.
total hysterectomy
290
allows the radiologist a closer, sharper look at organs within the pelvis. `T`he sound probe is placed in the `v`agina instead of over the pelvis or abdomen; this method is best `u`sed to evaluate fluid-filled cysts.
`Trans`vaginal ultrasound
291
tumors that `lack` `estrogen`, `progesterone`, and `HER2` and are rapidly growing but respond well to chemotherapy.
Triple-negative tumors
292
Blocking the fallopian tubes to prevent fertilization from occurring. This sterilization procedure (making an individual incapable of reproduction) is performed using laparoscopy or through a hysteroscope inserted via the cervical os (opening).
tubal ligation
293
most common: serous (clear fluid) and mucinous (thick, pasty fluid) `cystadenocarcinomas`.
Two types of ovarian cancer are
294
UAE
`u`terine `a`rtery `e`mbolization
295
uter/o
uterus
296
Benign tumors in the uterus. Also called leiomyomata or leiomyomas (lei/o = smooth, my/o = muscle, and -oma = tumor), are composed of fibrous tissue and muscle
uterine fibroids
297
Sagging or drooping of the uterus.
uterine prolapse
298
Hollow, pear-shaped muscular female organ in which the embryo and fetus develop, and from which menstruation occurs. The upper portion is the fundus; the middle portion is the corpus; and the lowermost, neck-like portion is the cervix
uterus
299
vagin/o
vagina
300
Muscular, mucosa-lined canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body.
vagina
301
An orifice is an opening.
vaginal orifice
302
Bacteria and yeasts (usually Candida) commonly cause this infection. Use of antibiotic therapy may cause loss of normal vaginal bacteria, resulting in an environment allowing yeast to grow.
vaginitis
303
VH
`v`aginal `h`ysterectomy
304
vulv/o
vulva
305
External female genitalia;` includes the labia, hymen, clitoris, and vaginal orifice.`
vulva
306
Chronic pain (with no identifiable cause) that affects the `vulva`r area (labia, clit`o`ris, and vaginal opening).
vulvodynia
307
Inflammation of the `vulva and vagina.`
vulvovaginitis
308
Stage in prenatal development from fertilization and implantation up to 2 weeks.
zygote
309
-centesis
puncture to remove fluid
310
-dynia
pain
311
-ectomy
removal; excision; resection
312
-flexion
Decreasing the angle between two bones; bending a limb.
313
-genesis
producing; forming
314
-itis
inflammation
315
-pareunia
sexual intercourse
316
-plasia
development; formation; growth
317
-plasty
surgical repair
318
-rrhagia
bursting forth (of blood)
319
-rrhaphy
suture
320
-scopy
visual examination
321
-stenosis
tightening; stricture
322
-stomy
new opening (to form a mouth)
323
-tomy
process of cutting
324
bi-
two
325
cephal/o
head
326
Abnormal cell growth within the cervix.
cervical dysplasia
327
Widening of a vessel or an opening.
dilatation
328
Manner in which the fetus enters the birth canal.
fetal presentation
329
Benign tumor of smooth, involuntary muscle; when in the uterus, called a fibroid.
leiomyomas
330
olig/o
scanty
331
oxy-
rapid; sharp; acid
332
Rapid labor and childbirth.
oxytocia
333
Hormone secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland; stimulates contractions of the uterus during childbirth.
oxytocin
334
Examining by touch.
palpation
335
Pertaining to the pelvis.
Pelvic
336
peri-
surrounding
337
pseudo-
false
338
py/o
pus
339
Inflammation of a fallopian tube.
salpingitis
340
uni-
one
