Chapter 9- Blood Flashcards
(184 cards)
1
Q
What is relative polycythemia?
A
Hemoconception due to dehydration.
1
Q
What is polycythemia ruba vera?
A
Rare bone marrow disorder; idiopathic.
2
Q
What is compensatory polycythemia?
A
Increased erythropoiesis due to hypoxia.
3
Q
What are the causes of anemia?
A
- Blood loss
- Decreased erythropoiesis
- Decreased hemoglobin production
4
Q
What does O2 loading in the lungs produce?
A
Oxyhemoglobin( ruby red)
5
Q
What does O2 unloading in tissues produce?
A
Deoxyhemoglobin
6
Q
What is oxyhemoglobin?
A
O2 loading in lungs
7
Q
What is deoxyhemoglobin?
A
O2 loading in tissues
8
Q
What are the types of hemoglobin?
A
Embryonic
Fetal
Adult
9
Q
What purpose does the biconcave shape of red blood cell serve?
A
- Higher surface area to transport gases across membrane
- Flexible; can squeeze through small capillaries.
- Can take in water and swell without rupturing the membrane
10
Q
What are the main organs that hemotopoiesis are found in?
A
Liver and spleen
11
Q
What are platelets?
A
Fragments of larger cell
12
Q
What are the functions of platelets?
A
- Nurture endothelial cells; reduce petechial hemorrhaging
- Form temporary platelet plug that helps seal breaks in blood vessels
- Contain some clotting factors required for coagulation
13
Q
What are erythrocytes?
A
Red blood cells
14
Q
What are leukocytes?
A
White blood cells
15
Q
What is leukocytosis?
A
Increases white blood cells
16
Q
What is leukocytopenia?
A
Decreased white blood cells
17
Q
What are granulocytes?
A
Have a visible cytoplasmic granules
18
Q
What are agranulocytes?
A
Do not have visible cytoplasmic granules
19
Q
What are the types of granulocytes?
A
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
20
Q
What are the types of agranulocytes?
A
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
21
Q
What is the decreasing order of leukocytes in abundance in blood?
A
Neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils
22
Q
What colour do neutrophil granules stain?
A
Lavender
23
Q
What colour do eosinophil granules stain?
A
Red
24
What colour do basophils stain?
Blue
25
What is the most abundant lukocyte?
Neutrophils
26
What is the least abundant lukocyte?
Basophils
27
What do neutrophils contain?
Enzymes and antimicrobial proteins that kill pathogens
28
What type of nucleus does a neutrophil have?
Multilobed
| 2-6lobes in the nucleus
29
What type of nucleus do eosinophils have?
Bilobed nucleus
30
What do the granules of eosinophils do?
Release enzymes to digest parasitic worms.
31
What are basophils functionally similar to?
Mast cells
32
What do the granules of basophils contain?
Histamine
33
How does histamine work in basophils?
Inflammatory chemical that acts as a vasodilator to allow WBCs to reach site of infection
34
What type of nuclei do granulocytes have?
Lobed
35
What type of nuclei do agranulocytes have?
Spherical or kidney shaped
36
Where are lymphocytes mostly found?
In lymphoid tissue
37
What are the types of lymphocytes?
T lymphocytes
B lymphocytes
Natural killer cells
38
What is the function of T cells?
Act against virus-infected cells and tumor cells
39
What is the function of B cells?
Give rise to plasma cells, which produce antibodies
40
What is the largest leukocyte?
Monocytes
41
Do granulocytes return once they leave capillaries?
No
42
Are eosinophils protective against bacteria?
Not really
43
What does hemostasis require?
Clotting factors and substances released by platelets and injured tissues
44
What is the function of hemostasis?
Rapid series of reactions for stoppage of bleeding.
45
What are the steps of hemostasis?
1. Vasoconstriction
2. Platelet plug formation
3. Coagulation
46
What type of blood vessel is vasoconstriction most effective in?
Smaller blood vessels
47
What does vasoconstriction do?
Narrows damages blood vessels
48
What is vasoconstriction triggered by?
- direct injury to vascular smooth muscle
- chemicals releases by endothelial cells and platelets
- pain reflexes
49
How does platelet plug formation work?
- platelets stick to collagen fibres
| - platelets swell, become spiked and sticky and release chemical to cause more platelets to aggregate
50
What happens to blood during coagulation?
Blood is transformed from liquid to gel
51
How is platelet plug reinforced?
With fibrin threads
52
What vitamin is needed to synthesize 4 clotting factors in coagulation?
Vitamin K
53
What are the phases of coagulation?
1. Prothrombin activator formed in both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways
2. Prothrombin converted to enzyme thrombin
3. Thrombin catalyzes fibrinogen into fibrin. Forms a fibrin mesh stabilizing initial platelet clot
54
What happens in the first phase of coagulation?
Prothrombin activator formed in both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways
55
What happens in the second phase of coagulation?
Prothrombin is converted into the enzyme thrombin
56
What happens in the final phase of coagulation?
Thrombin catalyzes fibrinogen into fibrin; forms a fibrin protein mesh stabilizing the initial platelet clot
57
What are factors that decrease clotting time? (5)
- lack of vitamin K
- liver disorders
- hemophilia
- thrombocytopenia
- lack of blood calcium
58
What is immunity?
Resistance to disease
59
What does immunity provide/do?
Keeps pathogens out; destroys them if they get in
60
What are the type of immunity defenders?
1. Innate
| 2. Acquired (adaptive)
61
What type of defense is the first line of defense?
Innate
62
What type of defense is the second line of defense?
Innate
63
What type of defense is the third line of defense?
Acquired (adaptive)
64
What at autoimmune disorders?
Disorders that do not recognize "self"
65
Are innate defended specific or non specific?
Non specific
66
Is the first line of defense specific or not specific?
Non specific
67
Is the second line of defense specific or non specific?
Non specific
68
Is acquired defense specific or non specific?
Specific
69
Is the third line of defense specific or non specific?
Specific
70
What are the types of acquired defense?
Hummoral immunity
| Cellular immunity
71
What does the first line of defense protect? (Area)
Surface barriers
72
What are the surface barriers?
Skin
| Mucous membranes
73
What type of defense is the second line? (Area)
Internal defense
74
What are the internal defenders?
- phagocytes
- natural killer cells
- inflammation
- anti microbial proteins
- fever
75
What type of cells take part in humoral immunity?
B cells
76
What type of cells take part in cellular immunity?
T cells
77
What type of defense becomes stronger with age?
Third line
78
What kind of protection does the first line provide?
Chemical and physical
79
What kind of protection does the second line provide?
Cellular and chemical
80
What is the make up of skin?
Stratifies, keratinized and relatively dry
81
What type of junctions does skin have and what does it do?
Tight junctions seal epithelial cells together
82
What does the mucosa do?
Mucus traps dust and pathogens
83
What is the purpose of cilia with respect to mucus?
Cilia of upper respiratory tract moves mucus toward mouth to be coughed or swallowed.
84
Where is the acidic located in the surface barriers?
Skin
Stomach
Vagina
Ultimatum tract
85
How does acidity work in the surface barriers?
It inhibits the growth of many microbes
86
What is the purpose of sebum oil?
Some lipids released by the sebaceous glands have anti microbial properties
87
What are the enzymes in the first line of defense and where are they?
- lysozymes in tears, saliva
| - pepsin, protease a in GI tract
88
What are the antimocrobial proteins secreted by?
Skin
| Mucus membranes
89
What are the phagocytes in the second line of defense?
- Neutrophils
| - macrophages
90
What is the most effective phagocyte in the 2nd line of defense?
Macrophages
91
What are macrophage developed from?
Monocytes
92
What do free macrophages do?
Wander through tissue spaces
93
What are fixed macrophages?
Permanent residents of many organs
94
What are some organs where macrophages can be found?
- lungs
- liver
- nerves
- lymph nodes
95
What is opsonization?
Marks pathogens by coating them with complement proteins or antibodies
96
How do phagocytes work in the second line of defense?
Engulf pathogens, toxins
97
What do phagocytes adhere to?
Cell/substance
98
How do some bacteria evade adherence by phagocytes?
By having a capsule which makes then more virulent
99
What do NK cells secrete?
Chemicals that enhance inflammatory response
100
What do NK cells attack?
Cells that lack "self" cell-surface receptors
101
What do the proteins that NK cells release do?
Form pores in target cells
102
What do NK cells do when they release chemicals?
The chemicals released into cells induce apoptosis in cancer cells and virus-infected cells.
103
When in the inflammatory response triggered?
When the tissue is damaged
104
What are the benefits of the inflammatory response?
It prevents the spread of pathogen/toxin and it alerts the 3rd line of defense
105
What are the signs of acute inflammation?
1. Redness
2. Heat
3. Swelling
4. Pain
5. Impairment of function (sometimes)
106
What causes the release of chemicals that trigger the inflammatory response?
- injured mast cells release histamines
| - macrphages, NK cells, tissue cells release other chemicals
107
What is the response to chemicals released during inflammatory response?
- dilate local arterioles
- cause redness and heat of inflamed region
- make capillaries "leaky" ( fluid entree tissues causes swelling)
- attract leukocytes to area
108
What are antimocrobial proteins?
- Proteins releases by virus infected cells which prevent healthy cells from being infected by virus
109
What are interferons?
Antimocrobial proteins
110
How are antimocrobial proteins used medically?
As antivirals in cancer and viral disorders
111
What are the mechanism for destroying foreign substances in complement proteins?
1. Stimulate inflammatory response and chemotaxis
2. Enhance phagocytosis
3. Kills bacteria and other foreign cells directly
112
What is a normal body temperature?
101-102.5 F
| 38.3-39.2 C
113
What temperature would mean a fever?
>103 F
| 39.4 C
114
What temperature is considered not to be good?
>104F
| 40C
115
What is a fever?
Abnormally high body temperature
116
What is a fever caused by?
Systemic response to invading microorganisms
117
What do leukocytes and macrophages secrete when exposed to foreign substances?
Pyrogens
118
How do pyrogens work?
Act on body's thermostat in hypothalamus, raising set point for body's temperature
119
What are the benefits of a moderate fever?
- causes the liver and spleen to sequester iron and zinc
| - increases metabolic rate -> faster repair
120
What are the characteristics of acquired immunity?
1. Specific
2. Memory
3. Self-tolerant
121
What does the specific characteristic do in the 3rd line of defense?
It recognizes and target specific pathogens or foreign molecules
122
What does memory do in the 3rd line of defense?
It remembers past pathogens so response will be faster next time
123
Where do B cells mature?
In bone marrow
124
What does the self-tolerant characteristic do in the 3rd line of defense?
It can distinguish "self" from "nonslef"; it will not attack it's own cells/tissues
125
Where do T cells matture?
In the thymus gland
126
What are antigens?
Substances that can stimulate B & T cells and provoke an immune response
127
What are antigenic determinants?
Part of an antigen that causes an immune response
128
What binds to antigenic determinants?
Antibodies and lymphocyte receptors
129
How is the body self tolerant and able to recognize its own cells?
All nucleated cells have a molecular tag that identifies them as "self"
( foreign cells have different tags)
130
What are MHC used by and why?
Used by infected cells or macrophages to present antigens to immune system cells
131
What do B cells do?
Make antibodies against specific pathogens/toxins
132
What do T cells do?
Kill specific cells directly or indirectly
133
What do plasma B cell lymphocytes produce?
Antibodies
134
How do T cell lymphocytes react directly?
By killing infected or cancerous cells
| * killer T cells
135
How do T cells react indirectly?
By releasing chemicals that enhance inflammatory response or by activating other lymphocytes or macrophages to kill affected cell
* helper T cell
136
What do suppressor T cells do?
Kept immune system in check through negative feedback
137
What happens during the secondary immune response?
Re-exposure to same antigen gives aster, more prolonged, more effective response
138
What happens during the primary immune response?
- colonal selection upon first antigen exposure
- lag period: 3-6 days
- peak antibody level at 10 days, then they decline
139
When do antibody level peak during the secondary immune response?
Peak in 2-3 days at much higher level and remain high for weeks
140
When does active humoral immunity occur?
When B cells encounter antigens an produce specific antibodies against them
141
What are the types of immunity?
1. Naturally acquired
| 2. Artificially acquired
142
What is naturally acquired immunity in active immunity?
A response to bacterial or viral infection (I.e., you get sick)
143
What is artificially acquired immunity in activity immunity?
A response to vaccine of dead or attenuated( inactivated) pagtogens
144
What does passive immunity occur?
Occurs when antibodies are introduced into the body
145
What happens during passive humoral immunity?
Immediate protection but it ends when antibodies are naturally degraded into the body; no immunological memory
146
What happens in naturally acquired passive humoral immunity?
Antibodies are delivered to the fetus via placenta or to infant through milk
147
What happens during artificially acquired passive humoral immunity?
Injection of antibodies
148
What type of immune response do B lymphocytes provide?
Humoral
149
What type of immune response do T lymphocytes provide?
Cellular
150
Do B lymphocytes have antibody secretions?
Yes
151
Do T lymphocytes have antibody secretions?
No
152
What are the primary targets of B lymphocytes?
Extra cellular pathogens
| bacteria, fungi, parasites
153
What are the primary targets of T lymphocytes?
Intracellular pathogens
| ( virus-infected cells) and cancer cells
154
What is the site of origin of B lymphocytes?
Red bone marrow
155
What is the site of origin of T lymphocytes?
Red bone marrow
156
What are the effector cells of B lymphocytes?
Plasma cells
157
What are the effector cells of B lymphocytes?
Cytotoxic (killer) T cells, helper T cells, regulatory (suppressor) T cells
158
Do B lymphocytes have memory cell formation?
Yes
159
Do T lymphocytes have memory cell formation?
Yes
160
What are the functions of blood?
1. Transport
2. Regulation
3. Defense
161
What are the regulatory functions of blood?
- body temperature
- water balance in cells
- pH balance
162
What are the defense components in the functions of blood?
- against pathogens
| - blood clotting
163
Why may plasma appear cloudy?
Because of postprandial lipemia
164
Why is plasma yellow in color?
Due to bilirubin
165
What are the components of serum?
Plasma- clotting factors
166
What are anticoagulants used for?
Used to prevent clotting in vitro or in vivo
167
What are substances that block clotting factors?
- EDTA
- Heparin
- Warfarin
168
How/where does EDTA work?
Binds Ca++; used in lab; lavender too
169
How is heparin produced?
Naturally occurring ( made by mast cells)
170
What is heparin used for?
Used to prevent thrombosis, embolism
171
What was warfarin used for in the 1940s?
Used as rat poison
172
What was Warfarin used for in the 1950s + ?
Used medicinally- oral anticoagulant
173
What are the formed elements?
1. Erythrocytes
2. Leukocytes
3. Thrombocytes
174
What is blood composed of?
1. Plasma
| 2. Formed elements
175
Which blood cells are complete?
White
176
What is hematopoiesis?
The formation of blood cells; continual process; stem cells -> formed element cells
177
What is erythropoietin?
A hormone
178
What does erythropoietin do?
Stimulates erythropoiesis
179
What releases erythropoietin?
The kidneys in response to hypoxia
180
What are the causes of hypoxia?
- decreased RBC numbers due to hemorrhage or increased destruction
- insufficient hemoglobin per RBC
- reduced availability of O2
181
What are MHC used by and why?
Used by infected cells or macrophages to present antigens to immnue system cells
182
What do B cells do?
Make antibodies against specific pathogens/toxins
183
What do T cells do?
Kill specific cells directly or indirectly
