chapter 9 part 2

Question 1

disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

Answer 1

abnormal activation of the proteins involved in blood coagulation, causing small blood clots to form in vessels and cutting off the supply of oxygen to distal tissues

Question 2

graft rejection

Answer 2

process in which a recipient’s immune system attacks a transplanted organ or tissue

Question 3

graft-versus-host disease (GVHD)

Answer 3

complication that occurs following a stem cell or bone marrow transplant in which the transplant produces antibodies against recipient’s organs that can be severe enough to cause death

Question 4

hematoma

Answer 4

localized accumulation of blood, usually clotted, in an organ, space, or tissue due to a break in or severing of a blood vessel

Question 5

hemoglobinpathy

Answer 5

any disorder caused by abnormalities in the hemoglobin molecule

Question 6

lymphadenopathy

Answer 6

any disease of the lymph nodes

Question 7

lymphedema

Answer 7

swelling, primarily in a single arm or leg, due to an accumulation of lymph within tissues caused by obstruction or disease in the lymph vessels

Question 8

multiple myeloma

Answer 8

malignant tumor of plasma cells (cell that help the body fight infection by producing antibodies) in the bone marrow

Question 9

sepsis

Answer 9

presence of bacteria or their toxins in the blood; also called septicemia or symptoms are limited to the skin

Question 10

systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

Answer 10

widespread autoimmune disease that may affect the skin, brain, kidneys, and joints and causes chronic inflammation; also discoid lupus if symptoms are limited to the skin

Question 11

thrombocythemia

Answer 11

overproduction of platelets, leading to thrombosis or bleeding disorders due to platelet malformations

Question 12

thrombocytopenia

Answer 12

abnormal decrease in platelets caused by low production of platelets in the bone marrow or increased destruction of platelets in the blood vessels (intravascular), spleen (extravascular), or liver (extravascular)

Question 13

immunotherapy

Answer 13

any form of treatment that alters, enhances, stimulates or restores the body’s natural immune mechanisms to treat disease

Question 14

allergy

Answer 14

injection with increasing strengths of the offending antigen given over a period of months or years to increase tolerance to an antigen responsible for severe allergies

Question 15

biological

Answer 15

use of immune system stimulators to enhance the immune response in the treatment of certain forms of cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, and Crohn disease, also called biologic therapy or biotherapy

Question 16

bone marrow aspiration

Answer 16

removal of a small sample of bone marrow using a thin aspiration needle (usually from the pelvis) for microscopic examination

Question 17

bone marrow transplant

Answer 17

infused of healthy bone marrow stem cells after the diseased bone marrow is destroyed by chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy; used to treat leukemia aplastic anemia, and certain cancers

Question 18

autologous

Answer 18

infusion of the patients own bone marrow or stem cells after a course of chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy

Question 19

homologous

Answer 19

infusion of bone marrow or stem cells from a compatible donor after a course of chemotherapy and/or radiation; also called allogenic transplant

Question 20

lymphadenectomy

Answer 20

removal of lymph nodes, especially in surgical procedures undertaken to remove malignant tissue

Question 21

sentinel node excision

Answer 21

removal of the first node (sentinel node) that receives drainage from cancer-containing areas and the one most likely to contain malignant cells

Question 22

transfusion

Answer 22

infusion of blood or blood products from one person (donor) to another person (recipient)

Question 23

antinuclear antibody

Answer 23

test to identify antibodies that attack the nucleus of the individual’s own body cells (auto-antibodies)

Question 24

blood culture

Answer 24

test to determine the presence of pathogens in the bloodstream

Question 25

complete blood count

Answer 25

series of test that includes hemoglobin; hematocrit; red and white blood cell counts, platelet count; and differential (diff) count; also called hemogram

Question 26

monospot

Answer 26

nonspecific rapid serological test for the presence of the heterophile antibody, which develops several days after infection by epstein-barr virus, the organism that caused infectious mononucleosis

Question 27

partial thromboplastin time (PTT)

Answer 27

test that measures the length of time it takes blood to clot to screen for deficiencies of some clotting factors; also called activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT)

Question 28

prothrombin time (PT)

Answer 28

test that measures the time it takes for prothrombin to form a clot; also called pro time

Question 29

shilling test

Answer 29

test used to diagnose pernicious anemia by determining if the body properly absorbs vitamin B12 through the digestive tract

Question 30

bone marrow magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Answer 30

highly sensitive imaging procedure that detects lesions and changes in bone tissue and bone marrow, especially in multiple myeloma

Question 31

lymphangiography

Answer 31

visualization of lymphatic channels and lymph nodes using a contrast medium to determine blockage or other pathologies of the lymph system

Question 32

lymphoscintigraphy

Answer 32

introduction of a radioactive tracer into the lymph channels to determine lymph flow, identify obstructions, and locate the sentinel nodes

Question 33

anticoagulants

Answer 33

prevent blood clot formation by inhibiting the synthesis or inactivating one or more clotting factors.
anticoagulants prevent deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and postoperative clot formation and decrease the risk of stroke.

Question 34

antifibrinolytics

Answer 34

neutralize fibrinolytic chemicals in the mucous membranes of the mouth, nose, and urinary tract to prevent the breakdown of blood clots.
antifibrinolytics are used to treat serious bleeding following certain surgeries and dental procedures, especially in patients with such medical problems as hemophilia

Question 35

antimicrobials

Answer 35

destroy bacteria, fungi, and protozoa, depending on the particular drug, generally by interfering with the functions of their cell membrane or their reproductive cycle
HIV patients are commonly treated prophylactically with antimicrobials to prevent development of pneumocystis pneumonia

Question 36

antivirus

Answer 36

prevent replication of viruses within host cellS.

antivirals are used in treatment of HIV infection and AIDS

Question 37

fat-soluble vitamins

Answer 37

prevent and treat bleeding disorders resulting from a lack of prothrombin, which is commonly caused by vitamin k deficiency

Question 38

thrombolytics

Answer 38

dissolve blood clots by destroying their fibrin strands
thrombolytics are used to break apart, or lyse, thrombi, especially those that obstruct coronary,pulmonary, and cerebral arteries

Question 39

von willebrand disease

Answer 39

bleeding disorder caused by a deficiency of von willebrand factor, a “sticky” protein that lines blood vessels and reacts with platelets to form a plug that leads to clot formation