Chapter One

Question 1

what is the “science” of human development?

Answer 1

A science seeks to understand how and why people (all kinds of ppl, everywhere, of every age)
change or remain the same over time

Question 2

How do we go about studying Human development scientifically?

(6 STEPS)

Answer 2

1) Theory (question, curiosity based on s/t we know)

2) Hypothesis (turn our question into something that is testable)

3) Empirical evidence (im gonna test this hypothesis through observable verifiable date)

4) CONCLUSION (Based on evidence I will come I will prove my hypothesis either true or false)

5) Result (gonna report them)

6) Verification (repeat again)

Question 3

SIDS Study

Answer 3

Sudden Infant death syndrome

Question 4

Three Basic Types of Research Designs

Answer 4

Observation

The Experiement

The Survey

Question 5

Observation

Limitations

Answer 5

requires the researcher to record the behavior systematically and objectively

Tells you what is happening now
doesnt tell you cause

Question 6

How to conduct an experiment

Answer 6

1) Divide participants into two groups (that are matched on imp charateristics, especially behavior that is the deoendnt variable on which this study is focused)

2) give the indepent variable to the experimental group

3) compare the groups on the depednt varibale

if they differ bc of the independt variable

4) publish the results

Question 6

Experiment limitations

Answer 6

has to be very consistent

Question 6

The Experiment

what does it cause

Independent variable

dependent variable

how to know which is what

Answer 6

causes relationships among variables
manipulates variables

Independent Variable - introduced to see what affect is has on its dependent variable
(ex: playing music in background)

Dependent Variable- changed as a result (either improved studying or worsened it)

Dependent Variable DEPENDS on INDEPENDT VARIABLE

Question 7

Added components for human study

Answer 7

Cross- Sectional Research
Longitudinal Research
Cohort Sequential Research

Question 7

Survey
how to
Problems:

Answer 7

collect info from large amount of ppl (interview them, ask questions, telephone call)

Problem: Answers are influenced by wording and sequence of the Questions
- some ppl lie or change their mind
- valid data difficult to gather in survey

Question 8

Cross- Sectional Research

Answer 8

when groups of similar ppl of one age
are compared to groups of similar ppl similar age

• change because of ages

Question 9

Longitudinal Research

Answer 9

collecting data on same indiviudals as they age

• change bc of passage of time

Question 10

Cohort Sequential Research

Answer 10

combination of both
gonna get diff ages groups
but follow up on each of those age groups

Question 11

Correlation

Answer 11

Relationship between two variables
if s/t happens to one
will affect the other variable

Question 12

Positive Correlation

Answer 12

Both Variables will change the same way
(ex: as u get older
u get taller)

Question 12

Zero Correlation

Answer 12

NO RELATIONSHIP AT ALL

Question 12

Negative Correlation

Answer 12

both variables will change the opposite way
(ex: age and sleep
as u get older, we need less sleep)

Question 13

Correlation does not equal

example

Answer 13

Causation

just because as u got older
doesn’t mean u grow taller

just bc correlated
no guarantee its causation

Question 14

Quantitaive Research

Answer 14

How much more
less
higher
lower
precentages
anything w/ #s

• scienetists perefr to us ethis b/c s/t u could measure

Downside: Reduces ppl to #’s
we each have our indivdual distinctions

Question 15

Qualitative Research

Answer 15

asking people questions
recording people in narrative

• difficult to replicate

Question 16

What Factors Effect Development

Answer 16

Nature vs. Nurture

Question 17

Nature

Answer 17

Genetics

Question 18

Nurture

Answer 18

how you’re brought up, environmental

Question 19

Complete the Sentence

Nature ________
Nurture _______

Answer 19

Nature always affects nurture

Nurture always affects nature

Question 20

Critical Period

Answer 20

time where particular type of development for growth MUST HAPPEN

Question 21

Sensitive Period

Answer 21

time period where something might develop, but could happen later

Question 22

Plasticity

Answer 22

Just like plastic can change its shape of what it consumes same way brain is not fixed = it can change can make new neuro connections

Question 23

Difference-equals-deficit-error

Answer 23

if you're not like me, then theres something wrong with you!!!

Question 24

Development is a reult of

Answer 24

is a result of a lot of dynamic systems on going ever changing interaction (physical, cognitive and social learning influences) - never static

Question 25

Microsystems

Answer 25

person immediate surroundings - affecting directly - family - friends - classroom - religion

Question 26

exosystem

Answer 26

affects you, but not directly - local institutions (church) - medical institutions - education (exo means outer)

Question 27

Macrosystems

Answer 27

culture values economic patterns political processes (macro means larger)

Question 28

Chronosystem

Answer 28

has to do w/ time

Question 29

Mesosystem

Answer 29

each thing interacts w/ the other

Question 30

what does Bronfenbrenner’s model of the Ecological System say about development

Answer 30

people are affected by many social contexts and interpersonal interactions

Question 31

Three Domains of Human Development

Answer 31

Biosocial Cognitive Psychosocial

Question 32

Biosocial

Answer 32

growth of persons body motor skills development body and environment

Question 33

Cognitive

Answer 33

Mental processes (perception, imagination, judgement)

Question 34

Psychosical

Answer 34

emotions temperament social skills family

Question 35

Race

Answer 35

has to do with physical appearance

Question 36

culture

Answer 36

is learned it is not biological

Question 37

Ethnicity

Answer 37

born in the same region therefore share culture, religion, language