Child and Adolescent Learners and Learning Principles Flashcards by maybe micah ✧

The transition period from infancy to puberty

Childhood

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The period of transition from childhood to adulthood

Adolescence

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A person over the age of 18 but are unable to fully take care of themselves or protect themselves from abuse, neglect, cruelty, exploitation or discrimination because of a physical or mental disability or condition are classified as a ________ under the Republic Act 7610

child

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_________ is the quantitative attribute of an individual such as their height and weight

Growth

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______________ involves both qualitative and quantitative progression and decline of an individual’s biological, cognitive, and socio-emotional attributes

Development

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Development results from ___________ and _______________

maturity, experiences

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He developed the concept of developmental tasks

Robert Havighurst

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Learning to take solid food is an example of __________ developmental task

infant’s

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Learning to take control of the elimination of body wastes is an example of a developmental task of an individual under ______________________

early childhood

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Acquiring a masculine or feminine social role is a developmental task of _______________

adolescents

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It is referred to as a “critical period” in personality development because at this time, the foundations are laid upon which the adult personality structure will be built

Babyhood

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“Men are built not born,” this quotation by John Watson states the effect of ____________________________ on a person’s development

environmental stimulation

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The ______________________ supports the notion, “children will develop best if they are left free as possible”

Theory of Freedom

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Uncontrolled sudden movement of infants is called ____________

reflex

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_____________________ allows infants to drink milk and is triggered by a touch on the mouth’s roof

Sucking reflex

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When infants attempt to search for mother’s milk, they will turn their heads towards their mother’s chest. This reflex is called _________________

rooting reflex

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____________________ is the infant’s response to sudden and loud sounds

Moro or startle reflex

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Development proceeds from ______________________ as evidenced by the ability of the newborn infant to move his whole body instead of moving only a part of it

general to specific

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___________________ allows baby to turn his head away from something that blocks his or her airflow

Head turning reflex

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It is one of an infant’s innate reflexes that resembles fencing pose

Tonic Neck Reflex

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It is the brain’s ability to change from experience

Plasticity

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The degradation of nerve cells that slows down the information processing of the brain is known as _____________.

Pruning

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By the age of 12-18 months, babies can…

keep and recall information from their memory

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It is the nutritional status of women during pregnancy and lactation which directly affects the child’s health and development

Maternal Nutrition

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It is the child's state of nutritional balance is crucial in his early developmental age

Child Nutrition

When a person begins to acquire language by learning or mimicry, he or she is undergoing ___________________________

language development

Children learn their first language ______________________________ from parents or caretakers

without conscious instruction

Two Classifications of Bilingual Language Acquisition

1. Simultaneous Bilingualism 2. Sequential Bilingualism

____________________________ occurs when a child acquires two languages at the same time.

Simultaneous Bilingualism

________________________ occurs when a child learns his second language by drawing out knowledge and experience of the first language

Sequential Bilingualism

It is the loss of the ability to produce and understand language due to brain injury

Aphasia

Children with _____________ often find reading and spelling to be very difficult tasks

Dyslexia

The first-substage known as the ______________________ includes sucking and gripping reflexes

reflex schema stage

Second sub-stage is known as a ____________________________ involves the development of a child's habit

primary circular reaction

It is exhibited by the child who believes in something without knowing why he believes it

Intuitive Thought

Treating inanimate objects as if they are alive is known as ___________

Animism

It is the inability of the child to take the point of view of others

Ego-centrism

When a learner focuses only on one aspect of a stimulus while disregarding other details, he is exhibiting _____________

centration

When a child is able to arrange things according to its physical attributes such as size, color, and shape, he is displaying ___________

seriation

A learner who can process his response to "what if' situations is applying hypothetical reasoning, proving he has reached the ____________________ period

formal operational

In Piaget's _____________________ stage, the child cannot imagine the steps necessary to complete an algebraic equation

concrete operational

The inter-relationship of language development and cognitive process is an idea derived from __________________________________

Vygotsky's Socio-cultural Theory

_____________________________ puts emphasis on the importance of a mentor in a child's development and achievement

Zone of Proximal Development

It is someone more advanced than the child who can guide the child in order to reach his or her potential level

More Knowledgeable Other (MKO)

It is the assistance given by the MKO to help and guide the learners in reaching their potential levels

Scaffolding

In Erickson's theory, ____________ vs. _______________ is the unresolved crisis of an adult who has difficulty establishing a secure, mutual relationship with a life partner

Intimacy, Isolation

_______________ is process of bringing back the stored information from the long-term memory to the short-term memory

Retrieval

The correct sequence of information processing begins from _________________ to ______________________ and eventually be stored in the ____________________

sensory register, Short-term Memory, Long-term memory

To remember the six digits, 8, 4, 3, 9, 4, 5, the Math teacher grouped the numbers in two's 84, 39, 45 or in threes 843, 945. This method is also known as _______________

chunking

An IQ score of 70 and below is an indicator of an ____________________

intellectual disability

When new or old information blocks or hinders an individual to access the information he needs, this is called _________________

interference

When a learner breaks up learning sessions rather than cramming information all at once, he is using the ______________________________ as a learning strategy

distributed practice method

According to Bronfenbrenner, __________________contains structures that have direct contact with the child

microsystem

In performing the minuet, first raise your heel, second make three steps forward, third step make a point. This demonstrates the _________________________

procedural knowledge

An individual who has reached the ___________________ should take a rest in order to recover

"learning plateau"

It is characterized by impairments in social interaction and communication, and restricted and repetitive behavior, all exhibited before a child is three years old

Autism

When a child has an IQ score of 90, he is _______________________

averagely intelligent

Three (3) Modeling Stimuli according to Bandura

1. Live models 2. Symbolic models 3. Verbal descriptions or instructions

Learning from other's experiences is called ________________________

vicarious learning

"Identical twins are more alike than fraternal twins." This statement is supported by the principle: __________ has a part in determining intelligence and characteristics

heredity

It is often experienced by preschool children when they are separated with people whom they have a strong personal bond

Separation Anxiety

When one is asked to develop himself to the fullest, he is trying to satisfy the need for __________________ according to Maslow

self-actualization

A child who always fights with his/her classmates who has a very short attention span, and who has frequent tantrums is believed to be suffering from _______________________________________

Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

The developmental pattern that proceeds from head downward is called _________________

Cephalocaudal

Human development includes both __________ and __________

growth, decline

Teacher X believes that learning and development does not end in adulthood. He is applying the __________ approach

life-span

The Three (3) Goals of Human Development

1. Growth 2. Maintenance 3. Regulation

The 14 Learner-Centered Principles are divided into four factors influencing learners and learning:

1. Cognitive and metacognitive 2. Motivational and affective 3. Developmental and social 4. Individual differences

___________________________________________ constructed the Learner-Centered Psychological Principles (LCP)

The American Psychological Association

It is an enjoyable method of learning that fosters self-regulation, social skills. and cognitive competencies

Play

___________ connections are established during early childhood

Neural

_________________ allows educators to integrate learning by utilizing the child's interest

Guided play

Factors affecting growth and development:

Genetics/heredity, temperament, environment, and nutrition

It describes an ability to manage the emotion of one's self, of others, and of groups

Emotional intelligence (EQ)

According to Goleman, the ability to inspire, influence and develop others while managing conflicts is called ______________________________

relationship management

When teacher X is controlling his anger towards the class, he is practicing ___________________ according to Goleman's theory of emotional quotient (EQ)

self- management

The type of play that is most characteristic of a four to six-year old child are ________________ and ________________ plays

Associative and Cooperative

Parenting styles influences children's development. Telling her children, "You should do it my way or else. There is no discussion." - is an example of an _______________ parent

authoritarian

Maria has inherent skills in taking care of plants. It is highly possible that she has _____________ intelligence

naturalistic

A student collapsed in her English class. It was found out that she did not eat her lunch. According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the student failed to attend to her _______________ needs

physiological

Contrary to Freud's concept that the primary motivation of human behavior is sexual in nature, Erikson's theory is ________ in nature

social

A sixty-seven-year old individual has been observing changes in him such as the aging process. This exhibits the concept of _______________

maturation

_________________ is defined by the decision of conscience in accordance with self- chosen actions. This corresponds to Kohlberg's ____________________ or _____________ level of moral development

Right action, post-conventional, principal

Piaget's _________________________ is being exhibited by a learner who views that the disobedience of rules will consequently cause one to be punished gravely

heteronomous mortality

In Piaget's _____________________ is the moral reasoning of a person who tries to comprehend the intention of the action first, before giving conclusions

autonomous morality

The interaction of the child's microsystems

Mesosystem

The ____________ incorporates the morals and values of society

superego

Multiple intelligences can be used to explain children's reading performances. The ______________ intelligent group tends to be good readers

linguistically

Elisa who is in between 9 and 11 years of age are most likely to demonstrate moral reasoning at the ____________________ stage of Kohlberg's theory of moral development

post-conventional

The _______________ is composed of the children's cultural patterns and values

macrosystem

"When more senses are stimulated, teaching and learning become more effective." The use of ___________________ is an application of this principle

multisensory aids

Research established that complete coordination of motor activities is attained at __________________

childhood stage

The way a child talks and walks manifest gestures that have been learned from models he had been exposed to. This explains the _________________

social influence

Laughing at two-year old child who uttered a bad word is not a proper thing to do because in this stage, the child is _______________________________

distinguishing right from wrong

A boy is closer to his mother and a girl is close to her father. These instances are under _____________

phallic stage

The essence of Gardner's theory of Multiple Intelligences is explained by the learning principle,

"Intelligence is not measured in one form"