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Circulation and gas exchange Flashcards

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1
Q

Name the three cellular components of blood

A

Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets

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2
Q

What are all the components of blood? (4)

A
  1. Cells
  2. Plasma
  3. Biomolecules (proteins, hormones, CHO)
  4. Inorganic salts
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3
Q

Blood plasma makes up what percentage of of whole blood?

A

About 55%

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4
Q

This is the substance within blood that buffers the pH and contributes to osmotic balance and regulation of the cell membrane potential

A

Inorganic salts

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5
Q

What are the functions of the blood plasma? (3)

A
  1. Transports nutrients around the body
  2. Transports proteins, hormones, and Ab
  3. Removes metabolic waste compounds
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6
Q

This is the percentage of red blood cells relative to the total blood volume

A

hematocrit

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7
Q

What is the characteristic shape that RBC’s have?

A

Bi-concave, or doughnut shape

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8
Q

What is the purpose of the RBC’s special shape?

A

Has a large surface area for gas exchange, and it s allow flexible enough to allow them to travel through narrow capillaries

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9
Q

The bi-concave shape of RBC’s is achieved via a mesh-like network of the protein called

A

Spectrin

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10
Q

What is the primary component of the RBC cytoskeleton that interacts with cell membrane proteins?

A

Spectrin

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11
Q

What is the effect of Spectrin gene abnormalities?

A

Spherical shape and fragile RBC’s

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12
Q

RBC plasma membrane composition is aymmetrical with mainly ________ charged phospholipids on the inner part of the lipid bilayer.

A

negatively

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13
Q

What is the significance of the negatively charged phospholipids in the RBC plasma membrane?

A

Important in cell signalling communication

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14
Q

Abnormally low concentration of O2 in the blood

A

Hypoxaemia

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15
Q

Abnormally high concentration of CO2 in the blood

A

Hypercapnea or Hypercarbia

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16
Q

Respiratory rate (RR) x the tidal volume (TV)

A

Minute Ventilation (VE)

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17
Q

Negatively charged molecule

A

Anion

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18
Q

Positively charged molecule

A

Cation

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19
Q

Dazed/drunk type state caused by abnormally high levels of nitrogen in the blood, such as from deep sea diving

A

Nitrogen narcosis

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20
Q

Shortness of breath, trouble breathing

A

dyspnea

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21
Q

Interruption in breathing during sleep

A

Sleep apnoea

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22
Q

Pulmonary embolus

A

Blood clot in the lungs

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23
Q

Pain caused by inflammation of the parietal pleura, most pronounced with deep breathing, coughing, sneezing, or laughing

A

Pleuritic chest pain

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24
Q

Abnormal lung sound caused by inflamed pleural layers rubbing together with breathing

A

Pleural rub

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25
Abnormally low levels of CO2 in the blood
Hypocapnoea
26
Abbreviation for perfusion
Q
27
V/Q ratio
Ventilation / Perfusion
28
Partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli is represented as
PA O2
29
Partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood is represented by
Pa O2
30
The difference between the PA O2 and the Pa O2
A-a gradient
31
What are the four types of hypoxia?
1. Hypoxic (or hypoxaemic) 2. Anaemic 3. Stagnant (or circulatory) 4. Histoxic (or cytotoxic)
32
What are the five mechanisms of hypoxia?
1. Hypoventilation 2. Low FiO2 (fraction of inspired oxygen) 3. Diffusion impairment 4. Shunt 5. V/Q mismatch
33
What are the three types of hypoxia that result in a reduced ability to DELIVER oxygen?
1. Hypoxic 2. Anaemic 3. Stagnant
34
What is the type of hypoxia that results from an inability to utilise oxygen?
Cytotoxic/histotoxic
35
Hypoventilation results in what changes in blood gasses?
An increase in carbon dioxide
36
What is the relationship between FiO2 and altitude?
Fi O2 will decrease with increased altitude
37
What percentage of air is made up of oxygen?
21%
38
What is the partial pressure of inspired oxygen at sea level? (Fi O2)?
about 150 mm Hg or 20 kPA
39
What would cause a diffusion impairment?
Diffusion impairment is caused by the thickening of the interstitum due to collagen deposition and fibrosis of the lungs, which stops oxygen from diffusing.
40
How wide is the interstitial space between the alveoli and the capillary?
0.5 micrometres (double check this answer)
41
What is the optimal V/Q ratio?
0.8
42
Name two conditions mentioned in lecture that would result in a V/Q mismatch.
1. Pneumonia (reduced ventilation relative to blood flow) | 2. PE (reduced blood flow relative to ventilation)
43
This is a system where nutrients are transported from the intestines to the liver
The hepatic portal system
44
This is the system where hormones are rapidly transported and exchanged between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary gland
The hypophyseal portal system
45
Name two important structural components of hepatic circulation
Liver lobule and sinusoid
46
Which vein arises from the gastrointestinal tract and supplies 70% of the circulation in the liver?
The portal vein
47
What three arteries make up the splanchnic circulation?
Celiac artery Superior mesenteric Inferior mesenteric (All branch off the aorta)
48
What is part of the circulatory system called that provides blood to the liver, spleen, stomach, pancreas, small intestine, and large intestine?
The splanchnic circulation
49
Circulatory flow to skeletal muscle can increase up to _____ fold during exercise
100
50
What happens to blood flow in the kidneys and GI tract when adrenaline and the sympathetic nervous system is activated?
blood flow is reduced
51
What happens to cerebral blood flow when adrenaline and the sympathetic nervous system is activated?
Cerebral blood flow should be maintained
52
During exercise, what local regulatory factors can override the sympathetic vasoconstrictor influences in skeletal muscle?
``` CO2 K+ H+ Lactate NO ```
53
This concept refers to the diminished vasoconstriction during increases in sympathetic activity within the active skeletal muscle
Functional sympatholysis
54
diminished vasoconstriction during increases in sympathetic activity within the active skeletal muscle
thermoregulation
55
Thermoregulation is under the autonomic control of the ____________ nervous system.
sympathetic
56
Which region of the brain contains receptors that control the body temperature within a tight range?
Hypothalamus
57
These circulatory structures within the skin redirect blood flow to either towards the surface or the core in order to maintain the body's core temperature.
Arterio-venous anastamoses
58
Sympathetic activity _________ surface capillaries during cold or fight/flight response, and ___________ them in heat and exercise.
closes, opens
59
Through what two mechanisms is cutaneous blood flow adjusted to maintain body temperature?
1. Arterial dilation/constriction | 2. Activity of AV anastamoses
60
Abbreviation for atmospheric pressure
P atm
61
Abbreviation for the pressure of oxygen in the alveoli
PA O2
62
Abbreviation for the arterial partial pressure of oxygen
Pa O2
63
Abbreviation for the arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide
Pa CO2
64
Abbreviation for the venous partial pressure of carbon dioxide
Pv CO2
65
Medical term for reduced partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood
hypoxaemia
66
What does Sa O2 measure?
The percent saturation of haemoglobin with oxygen
67
This is haemoglobin with carbon monoxide bound to it
carboxyhaemoglobin

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