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KMMS > Circulation and gas exchange > Flashcards

Circulation and gas exchange Flashcards

1
Q

Name the three cellular components of blood

A

Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets

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2
Q

What are all the components of blood? (4)

A
  1. Cells
  2. Plasma
  3. Biomolecules (proteins, hormones, CHO)
  4. Inorganic salts
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3
Q

Blood plasma makes up what percentage of of whole blood?

A

About 55%

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4
Q

This is the substance within blood that buffers the pH and contributes to osmotic balance and regulation of the cell membrane potential

A

Inorganic salts

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5
Q

What are the functions of the blood plasma? (3)

A
  1. Transports nutrients around the body
  2. Transports proteins, hormones, and Ab
  3. Removes metabolic waste compounds
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6
Q

This is the percentage of red blood cells relative to the total blood volume

A

hematocrit

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7
Q

What is the characteristic shape that RBC’s have?

A

Bi-concave, or doughnut shape

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8
Q

What is the purpose of the RBC’s special shape?

A

Has a large surface area for gas exchange, and it s allow flexible enough to allow them to travel through narrow capillaries

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9
Q

The bi-concave shape of RBC’s is achieved via a mesh-like network of the protein called

A

Spectrin

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10
Q

What is the primary component of the RBC cytoskeleton that interacts with cell membrane proteins?

A

Spectrin

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11
Q

What is the effect of Spectrin gene abnormalities?

A

Spherical shape and fragile RBC’s

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12
Q

RBC plasma membrane composition is aymmetrical with mainly ________ charged phospholipids on the inner part of the lipid bilayer.

A

negatively

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13
Q

What is the significance of the negatively charged phospholipids in the RBC plasma membrane?

A

Important in cell signalling communication

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14
Q

Abnormally low concentration of O2 in the blood

A

Hypoxaemia

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15
Q

Abnormally high concentration of CO2 in the blood

A

Hypercapnea or Hypercarbia

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16
Q

Respiratory rate (RR) x the tidal volume (TV)

A

Minute Ventilation (VE)

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17
Q

Negatively charged molecule

A

Anion

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18
Q

Positively charged molecule

A

Cation

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19
Q

Dazed/drunk type state caused by abnormally high levels of nitrogen in the blood, such as from deep sea diving

A

Nitrogen narcosis

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20
Q

Shortness of breath, trouble breathing

A

dyspnea

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21
Q

Interruption in breathing during sleep

A

Sleep apnoea

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22
Q

Pulmonary embolus

A

Blood clot in the lungs

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23
Q

Pain caused by inflammation of the parietal pleura, most pronounced with deep breathing, coughing, sneezing, or laughing

A

Pleuritic chest pain

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24
Q

Abnormal lung sound caused by inflamed pleural layers rubbing together with breathing

A

Pleural rub

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25
Q

Abnormally low levels of CO2 in the blood

A

Hypocapnoea

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26
Q

Abbreviation for perfusion

A

Q

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27
Q

V/Q ratio

A

Ventilation / Perfusion

28
Q

Partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli is represented as

A

PA O2

29
Q

Partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood is represented by

A

Pa O2

30
Q

The difference between the PA O2 and the Pa O2

A

A-a gradient

31
Q

What are the four types of hypoxia?

A
  1. Hypoxic (or hypoxaemic)
  2. Anaemic
  3. Stagnant (or circulatory)
  4. Histoxic (or cytotoxic)
32
Q

What are the five mechanisms of hypoxia?

A
  1. Hypoventilation
  2. Low FiO2 (fraction of inspired oxygen)
  3. Diffusion impairment
  4. Shunt
  5. V/Q mismatch
33
Q

What are the three types of hypoxia that result in a reduced ability to DELIVER oxygen?

A
  1. Hypoxic
  2. Anaemic
  3. Stagnant
34
Q

What is the type of hypoxia that results from an inability to utilise oxygen?

A

Cytotoxic/histotoxic

35
Q

Hypoventilation results in what changes in blood gasses?

A

An increase in carbon dioxide

36
Q

What is the relationship between FiO2 and altitude?

A

Fi O2 will decrease with increased altitude

37
Q

What percentage of air is made up of oxygen?

A

21%

38
Q

What is the partial pressure of inspired oxygen at sea level? (Fi O2)?

A

about 150 mm Hg or 20 kPA

39
Q

What would cause a diffusion impairment?

A

Diffusion impairment is caused by the thickening of the interstitum due to collagen deposition and fibrosis of the lungs, which stops oxygen from diffusing.

40
Q

How wide is the interstitial space between the alveoli and the capillary?

A

0.5 micrometres (double check this answer)

41
Q

What is the optimal V/Q ratio?

A

0.8

42
Q

Name two conditions mentioned in lecture that would result in a V/Q mismatch.

A
  1. Pneumonia (reduced ventilation relative to blood flow)

2. PE (reduced blood flow relative to ventilation)

43
Q

This is a system where nutrients are transported from the intestines to the liver

A

The hepatic portal system

44
Q

This is the system where hormones are rapidly transported and exchanged between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary gland

A

The hypophyseal portal system

45
Q

Name two important structural components of hepatic circulation

A

Liver lobule and sinusoid

46
Q

Which vein arises from the gastrointestinal tract and supplies 70% of the circulation in the liver?

A

The portal vein

47
Q

What three arteries make up the splanchnic circulation?

A

Celiac artery
Superior mesenteric
Inferior mesenteric
(All branch off the aorta)

48
Q

What is part of the circulatory system called that provides blood to the liver, spleen, stomach, pancreas, small intestine, and large intestine?

A

The splanchnic circulation

49
Q

Circulatory flow to skeletal muscle can increase up to _____ fold during exercise

A

100

50
Q

What happens to blood flow in the kidneys and GI tract when adrenaline and the sympathetic nervous system is activated?

A

blood flow is reduced

51
Q

What happens to cerebral blood flow when adrenaline and the sympathetic nervous system is activated?

A

Cerebral blood flow should be maintained

52
Q

During exercise, what local regulatory factors can override the sympathetic vasoconstrictor influences in skeletal muscle?

A 
CO2
K+
H+
Lactate
NO
53
Q

This concept refers to the diminished vasoconstriction during increases in sympathetic activity within the active skeletal muscle

A

Functional sympatholysis

54
Q

diminished vasoconstriction during increases in sympathetic activity within the active skeletal muscle

A

thermoregulation

55
Q

Thermoregulation is under the autonomic control of the ____________ nervous system.

A

sympathetic

56
Q

Which region of the brain contains receptors that control the body temperature within a tight range?

A

Hypothalamus

57
Q

These circulatory structures within the skin redirect blood flow to either towards the surface or the core in order to maintain the body’s core temperature.

A

Arterio-venous anastamoses

58
Q

Sympathetic activity _________ surface capillaries during cold or fight/flight response, and ___________ them in heat and exercise.

A

closes, opens

59
Q

Through what two mechanisms is cutaneous blood flow adjusted to maintain body temperature?

A
  1. Arterial dilation/constriction

2. Activity of AV anastamoses

60
Q

Abbreviation for atmospheric pressure

A

P atm

61
Q

Abbreviation for the pressure of oxygen in the alveoli

A

PA O2

62
Q

Abbreviation for the arterial partial pressure of oxygen

A

Pa O2

63
Q

Abbreviation for the arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide

A

Pa CO2

64
Q

Abbreviation for the venous partial pressure of carbon dioxide

A

Pv CO2

65
Q

Medical term for reduced partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood

A

hypoxaemia

66
Q

What does Sa O2 measure?

A

The percent saturation of haemoglobin with oxygen

67
Q

This is haemoglobin with carbon monoxide bound to it

A

carboxyhaemoglobin

KMMS (58 decks)

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