Physiology

Question 1

“The study of nature;” Deals with the normal functioning of living organisms and their parts

Answer 1

Physiology

Question 2

The mechanism, explained in terms of physiology, by which a disease process causes the body to fail.

Answer 2

Pathophysiology

Question 3

This governs the basic acitivities of cell and coordinates multiple-cell actions

Answer 3

Signalling

Question 4

An entity that codes or conveys information

Answer 4

A signal

Question 5

A tailor-made clinical model whereby therapy is delivered on an individualised basis

Answer 5

Personalised medicine

Question 6

Gene therapy for Cystic Fibrosis, and drug recommendations based on molecular subtyping of cancer are examples of what type of medicine?

Answer 6

Personalised medicine

Question 7

The grouping of patients based on risk of disease or response to therapy by using diagnostic tests or techniques

Answer 7

Stratified medicine

Question 8

Applying basic research to a clinical setting

Answer 8

Translational research

Question 9

A characteristic that is objectively measured and evaluated as an indicator of normal biological processes, pathogenic processes, or pharmacologic responses to a therapeutic intervention

Answer 9

Biomarker

Question 10

Name an example of a biomarker

Answer 10

BRCA1 or HER2 (Breast cancer protein biomarkers)

Question 11

The regulation of the state of cells and of the body. Normally about maintaining something at a particular desired level or set point.

Answer 11

Homeostasis

Question 12

The regulatory mechanism present in many biologicical reactions that allows certain pathways to be turned on or off

Answer 12

Feedback

Question 13

A type of regulation in which the end product of a process in turn reduces the stimulus of that same process

Answer 13

Negative feedback

Question 14

Temperature regulation is an example of what type of feedback?

Answer 14

Negative feedback

Question 15

Blood glucose control is an example of what type of feedback?

Answer 15

Negative feedback

Question 16

The process by which the end products of an action causes more of that action to occur in a feedback loop, which ultimately amplifies the original action.

Answer 16

Positive feedback

Question 17

Contractions of labour are an example of what type of feedback?

Answer 17

Positive feedback

Question 18

Solute molecules passively moving down a concentration gradient, resulting in concentrations equalisation

Answer 18

Diffusion

Question 19

Molecules of a solvent pass through a semi-permeable membrane from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated one

Answer 19

Osmosis

Question 20

The __________ _____________ across different sites generates the potential for physiological changes

Answer 20

ionic differences

Question 21

Which ion has the highest concentration inside the cell (in the cytosol?)

Answer 21

Potassium (K+)

Question 22

Is the concentration of calcium ions higher inside the cell, or outside the cell?

Answer 22

Outside the cell

Question 23

Which ions have the highest concentration in the blood?

Answer 23

Sodium, followed by chloride

Question 24

What is the most important biological solvent?

Answer 24

Water

Question 25

What are the substances called that are dissolved in to the solvent?

Answer 25

Solute

Question 26

What percentage of our body fluids are intracellular vs extracellular?

Answer 26

2/3 (intracellular) vs 1/3 (extracellular)

Question 27

Name three examples of where extracellular fluids are found

Answer 27

Plasma, interstitial fluid, and transcellular fluid

Question 28

This is the difference in potential energy between two points in an electrical field

Answer 28

Voltage

Question 29

Are cell membranes permeable to charged ions?

Answer 29

No

Question 30

The membrane potential is is based on the balance between:

Answer 30

positive and negative charges across the membrane

Question 31

This type of force is based upon the difference in ionic concentration across the membrane

Answer 31

Chemical force (or diffusional force)

Question 32

This type of force is created when a few positive charges are not paired with negative charges on the same side of the membrane

Answer 32

Electrical force

Question 33

We tend to have more sodium ions outside of the cell, which results in a comparitively _________ extracellular charge

Answer 33

positive

Question 34

When potassium channels are operating as a consequence of the concentration gradient of K+, which favours it moving out, and the electrical gradient, which favours K+ moving in, this is known as the

Answer 34

Potassium equalibrium potential

Question 35

In the potassium equalibrium potential, the effect of the _________ force is counteracted by the _________ force moving in the other direction

Answer 35

Electrical/chemical

Question 36

Movement of _______ across membranes generates voltage differences that are then utilised by excitable cells

Answer 36

Ions

Question 37

What are the excitable cell types?

Answer 37

Neuronal cells and muscle cells (skeletal, smooth, cardiac)

Question 38

Rule of ionic balance #1: | The __________ of positive and negative ions must "nearly" balance

Answer 38

concentration

Question 39

Rule of ionic balance #2: | Any ion that leaves the cell must be replaced by...

Answer 39

...another ion of that type coming into the cell

Question 40

Rule of ionic balance #3: | ________ is always being used to re-establish the ionic gradients across membranes.

Answer 40

Energy

Question 41

Name an example of a drug that targets an ion channel

Answer 41

Proton pump inhibitors, which effectively lower the movement of H+ ions to the lumen of the gladm, increasing the pH of the stomach.

Question 42

This is an important enzyme that is critical for our acid-base physiology

Answer 42

Carbonic anhydrase

Question 43

The carbonic anhydrase reaction goes forward where CO2 is ________

Answer 43

High (e.g. active muscle)

Question 44

The carbonic anhydrase reaction goes backwards where CO2 is ________

Answer 44

Low (e.g. lungs)