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KMMS > Neurotransmitters; NMJ to myocyte > Flashcards

Neurotransmitters; NMJ to myocyte Flashcards

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1
Q

The two most common neurotransmitters released by the neurons of the ANS are

A
  1. Acetylcholine

2. Noradrenaline

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2
Q

What are the two types of acetylcholine receptors?

A

Muscarinic and Nicotinic

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3
Q

Muscarinic receptors are of what type (of the four different classes of intracellular receptors?)

A

GPCR/ metabotropic

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4
Q

What are the 5 subtypes of muscarinic receptors?

A

M1 - M5

M1 - Neural
M2- Cardiac
M3 - Glands/smooth muscle
M4 - CNS
M5- CNS
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5
Q

Muscarinic receptors are located post-synaptically in _________ muscle, __________ muscle, and ________.

A

smooth, cardiac, glands

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6
Q

Nicotinic receptors are what type of receptors? (Of the four types)

A

Ionotropic

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7
Q

What is the main ion that passes through nicotinic receptors?

A

Mainly sodium channels, but some potassium can also go through

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8
Q

This neurotransmitter contracts smooth muscle, dilates blood vessels, increases bodily secretions, and slows heart rate

A

Acetylcholine

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9
Q

What is the chief neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Acetylcholine

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10
Q

Describe the action of acetylcholine

A
  1. Contracts smooth muscle
  2. Dilates blood vessels
  3. Increases bodily secretions
  4. Slows heart rate
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11
Q

Norepinephrine acts on what type of receptors?

A

Adrenoreceptors (metabotropic/GPCR)

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12
Q

What tissues contain alpha-adrenoreceptors?

A

Blood vessels of organs and tissues (except skeletal muscle)

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13
Q

Which substances act on alpha adrenoreceptors? (Two hormones and one drug)

A
  1. Noradrenaline
  2. Adrenaline
  3. Isoprenaline
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14
Q

What is an antagonist that blocks the activity of alpha-adrenoreceptors?

A

Phentolamine

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15
Q

In what tissue would you find beta1 adrenoreceptors?

A

Cardiac

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16
Q

In what tissue would you find beta2 adrenoreceptors?

A

LUNGS, uterus, muscle, and coronary vessels

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17
Q

In what tissue would you find beta3 adrenoreceptors?

A

Adipose tissue

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18
Q

Which substances act on beta adrenoreceptors? (hint: same 3 as alpha adrenergic receptors)

A
  1. Noradrenaline
  2. Adrenaline
  3. Isoprenaline
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19
Q

Which type of receptor is sensitive to upregulation and downregulation? (Think of beta blockers)

A

Beta adrenergic receptors

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20
Q

What is an antagonist that blocks beta-adrenergic receptos? (Beta1?)

A

Propranolol

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21
Q

Which neurotransmitters are catecholamines?

A

Noradrenaline and adrenaline

AKA Norepinephrine and epinephrine

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22
Q

Beta receptors are associated with what type of beta subunit on the GPCR?

A

G alpha S

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23
Q

Beta receptors associated with G alpha subunit activate which enzyme?

A

Adenylate cyclase

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24
Q

Adenylate cyclase activates which second messenger?

A

cAMP

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25
alpha 1 receptors are assiated with which G alpha subunit?
G alpha q
26
G alpha q is associated with which enzyme?
Phospholipase C (activates)
27
Activating phospholipase C is associated with which second messengers?
IP3 and DAG
28
What ion is associated with increasing PLC, IP3, and DAG?
Calcium
29
alpha 2 receptors are associated with which G alpha subunit?
G alpha i (i for inhibit)
30
Beta receptors (1,2 and 3) are associated with which G alpha subunit?
G alpha s (s for stimulate)
31
The action of this neurotransmitter is vasoconstriction of blood vessels, increase BP, increase contraction of the heart, increases blood glucose and increasescirculating free fatty acids.
Norepinephrine
32
What is the most important neurotransmitter of the sympathetic nervous system?
Norepinephrine
33
This neurotransmitter is secreted by the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla.
Adrenaline/epinephrine
34
What is the role of adrenaline?
To produce a sympathetic response
35
What receptors does adrenaline act on?
Same as norepinephrine: alpha 1, alpha 2, beta 1/2/3 receptors
36
Drugs can mimic or block the actions of NT's at their receptors. Name four types of receptors found within the nervous system (think of the four main neurotransmitters)
1. Cholinergic 2. Adrenergic 3. Serotonergic 4. Dopaminergic
37
What is the main degredation method for adrenergic neurotransmitters?
Re-uptake | Though NT can also be metabolised by enzymes such as MAO and COMT
38
Neurotransmitters can be metabolised by which enzymes? (Two examples mentioned in lecture)
MAO | COMT (catechol-o-methyltransferase)
39
Sympathomimetic drugs ___________ the sympathetic nervous system
stimulate
40
What type of drugs (a general term) inhibit the action of the sympathetic nervous system?
Sympatholytic
41
In what condition could you use a muscarinic antagonist? (Think lungs, opposing parasympathetic response)
Asthma (results in bronchdilation)
42
What type of drug is used in cases of severe hypotension, such as in shock? (Drug that acts on which receptors?)
alpha 1 adrenergic AGONISTS are systemic vasoconstrictors used in the treatment of shock
43
What condition would an alpha 1 antagonist be used to treat?
Hypertension, as an alpha 1 ANTAGONIST would lower blood pressure
44
Name the drugs that act as adrenergic agonists
1. Adrenaline | 2. Isoprenaline
45
Name the drug that is an alpha 1 adrenergic ANTAGONIST
Phentolamine
46
What is the drug that is a Beta 2 adrenergic agonist?
Salbutamol (asthma)
47
Name a beta adrenergic ANTAGONIST
Propranolol
48
Specialised intercellular connections between a neuron and a muscle are called... (don't overthink it!)
Neuromuscular junctions
49
Which neurotransmitter acts at the skeletal-NT junctions?
Acetylcholine
50
Acetylcholine is synthesized in the ___________ and packaged into synaptic __________.
cytosol, vesicles
51
What initiates the action potential in the muscle cell? (hint: binding of a NT)
The binding of ACh to receptors in the motor end plate
52
What is the membrane of the myocyte called?
The sarcolemma
53
What structure expands the surface area of the myocyte, allowing action potentials to propogate into and towards the centre of the cell?
T-tubules
54
Vesicles bud off the __________ and are loaded with ACh
endosome
55
The key role of the endosome in the neuromuscular junction is the ____________ of vesicles.
recycling
56
Fusion of the vesicles with the membrane is __________ dependent.
Calcium
57
A sarcomere is the region from one _______ to the next ________.
Z line, Z line
58
A large structural protein within sarcomeres
Titan
59
What happens after T tubules depolarise (during excitation-contraction coupling)?
calcium channels of the sarcoplasmic reticulum open
60
During excitation-contraction coupling, what happens after calcium levels increase in the sarcoplasmic reticulum? (Interaction of two proteins; two words)
Myosin interacts with actin - crossbridge cycling
61
Once the myosin-binding sites are exposed, and if sufficient ____ is present, myosin binds to actin to begin cross-bridge cycling.
ATP
62
After the sarcomere contracts________ is returned to the sarcoplasmic reticulum via ________ pumps.
Calcium, calcium
63
Influx of which ion results in the physical change in the organisation of the thin filaments (actin) in cross-bridge cycling? (Due to voltage change in sarcoplasmic reticulum)
Calcium
64
Which ion is KEY in excitation contraction coupling? (Depolarises membrane?)
Calcium
65
What chemical change in ATP results in a change to the head group angle in the crossbridge cycle?
Hydrolysis of ATP --> ADP
66
This is the stage of the crossbridge cycle where the release of a phosphate changes the head-group angle, causing the thin filament to move relative to the thick filament.
the power stroke
67
A single contraction of a muscle fibre
twitch
68
This is where a myocyte continuously generates its maximal force for a prolonged period (2x twitch duration)
Tetany
69
Breathing ceases after death, which means cells rapidly deplete levels of _______
ATP
70
The lack of ________ after death means ________ cannot be pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum
ATP, calcium
71
Crossbridge cycling contraction continues to occur after death because _______ remains high in the sarcoplasm
calcium
72
Rigor mortis: The crossbridge cycle stops just after the ________ _______ with myosin still bound to actine (with the muscle contracted).
power stroke
73
When does rigor mortis end?
When the muscle tissue degrades
74
Succinylcholine is what type of drug?
ACh agonist. Used to treat muscle weakness in conditions like MG.
75
Curare blocks what type of receptors?
Nicotinic Acetylcholine receptors
76
Neostigmine and physostigmine are what type of drugs (hint: enzyme inhibitors)
Acetylcholinersterase inhibitors. Prevent degredation of ACh. Treats Alzheimers, MG, urinary retention
77
What condition could curare potentially be used to treat?
Tetany, as it causes flaccid paralysis

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