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Nervous system Flashcards

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1
Q

Name the parts of the CNS

A

Brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

Name the three principle parts of a neuron

A
  1. Dendrites
  2. Cell body
  3. One axon
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3
Q

Describe the functions of the glial cells in nervous tissue

A

Glial cells:

  • Are supporting cells of the nervous tissue
  • Are non-excitable
  • Bind/support neurons
  • Insulate/myelinate the neurons
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4
Q

What is the function of the autonomic nervous system?

A

It controls the activity of the internal organs and vessels

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5
Q

How are the 31 pairs of spinal nerves subdivided?

A 
8 Cervical
12 Thoracic
5 Lumbar
5 Sacral
1-2 Coccygeal
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6
Q

Ventral roots of spinal nerves carry ________ fibres

A

motor

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7
Q

Dorsal roots of spinal nerves carry ________ fibres

A

sensory

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8
Q

An area of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve root is known as a

A

dermatome

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9
Q

In which disease may a dermatome be outlined?

A

Shingles (Herpes Zoster)

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10
Q

What is the main difference between cranial nerves and spinal nerves?

A

Cranial nerves emerge directly from the brain or brainstem, whereas spinal nerves emerge from segments of the spinal cord

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11
Q

Nervous tissue is grouped into two main categories

A

Neurons and neuroglia

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12
Q

Cells of the NS that broadly communicate with each other through neurotransmission

A

Neurons

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13
Q

Direction of the nerve impulse conduction is from the cell ____ to the ____ terminal.

A

body, axon

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14
Q

This structure (structures) detect incoming information and conducts impulse towards the cell body

A

Dendrites

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15
Q

Which part of the neuron contains the organelles?

A

Soma (cell body)

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16
Q

This is the part of a neuron that conducts impulses away from the soma towards the axon terminal

A

axon

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17
Q

This part of the neuron contains neurotransmitters to be released in the synaptic gap

A

axon terminal

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18
Q

Which cells myelinate neurons in the CNS?

A

Oligodendrocytes

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19
Q

Which cells myelinate neurons in the PNS?

A

Schwann cells

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20
Q

A neuron that have a single axon ONLY is called a

A

unipolar neuron

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21
Q

Primary sensory neurons are typically classified as what type (?polar)

A

Unipolar

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22
Q

Neurons that have one axon and one dendrite are called

A

bipolar neurons

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23
Q

What type of tissue has bipolar neurons?

A

Specialised sensory neurons, such as those found in the retina

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24
Q

This type of neuron has one axon and multiple dendrites

A

Multipolar neuron

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25
The majority of the neurons in the brain are of what type?
Multipolar
26
Name the three distinct types of multipolar neurons
1. Motor (spinal cord) 2. Pyramidal (hippocampus) 3. Purkinje (cerebellum)
27
Neurons that convey information from the tissues and organs into the CNS are called
Afferent or sensory neurons
28
Neurons that transmit signals from the CNS to effector muscles are called
Efferent or motor neurons
29
Efferent (motor) neurons can be divided into what two categories of the nervous system?
Autonomic or somatic (innervation of skeletal muscle)
30
The autonomic NS can be divided into what two categories?
Sympathetic and parasympathetic
31
What are the most numerous cells of the nervous system?
Glial cells (or neuroglial)
32
Glial cells outnumber neurons by how much?
10:1
33
Oligodendricytes are found only within the
CNS
34
Which cells are responsible for the production and maintenence of the myelin sheath within the CNS?
Oligodendricytes
35
What is myelin made of?
Myelin basic protein and phospholipid
36
These are a network of "delicately ramified" cells that are activated by pathogens. Phagocytic, immune cells.
Microglia
37
These cells provide structural support, supply nutrients to the neurons (glucose) and maintain the ionic environment by removing K+ from the CNS. Assist with NT uptake.
Astrocyte
38
Which of the neuroglial cells makes up the blood brain barrier?
Astrocytes (think Sweet Sweet Sweet Star Star Star, Blood Brain Barrier)
39
What are the two types of synapses that can occur in neurotransmission?
Electrical or chemical
40
This type of synapse allows the direct passage of ions and signalling molecules from cell to cell.
Electrical
41
Neurons in the hippocampus, olfactory bulb, and retina use what type of synaptic transmission?
Electrical
42
The peripheral nervous system is comprised of what type of nerves (two groups?)
Cranial nerves and spinal nerves
43
What 3 structures make up the forebrain? (actually one of the structures is comprised of two parts)
1. Cerebral hemispheres 2. Thalamus 3. Hypothalamus
44
What is the term for the white matter tract that connects the right and left hemispheres of the brain?
The Corpus Callosum
45
The hindbrain is mainly comprised of what structure?
The cerebellum
46
The brain stem is in what region of the brain?
Midbrain
47
The primary motor cortex is located in what region/lobes of the brain?
Frontal lobes
48
This is the part of the brain responsible for executive functions, ability to think and consider, and also houses the primary motor cortex
Frontal lobes
49
This region of the brain contains the primary auditory complex
Temporal
50
This region of the brain contains the primary somatosensory cortex, responsible for recognition of pain, touch, and proprioception
Parietal
51
Which region of the brain contains the primary visual cortex?
Occipital
52
The hypothalamus is in which region of the brain?
Forebrain
53
This is the region of the brain that is most important n maintaining homeostasis. It contributes to control of autonomic NS, endocrine system, thermoregulation, satiety, and circadian rhythms.
Hypothalamus
54
Damage to the brain stem will most likely be...
fatal
55
This structure in the brain is responsible for motor movements, modification of muscular activity, regulating sensory systems, and balance/posture
cerebellum
56
The peripheral nervous system is comprised of what three subdivisions?
1. Nerves 2. Somatic system 3. Autonomic system
57
Which is the involuntary aspect of teh PNS?
Autonomic NS
58
Sympathetic nerves synapse close to the ______ _______
vertebral column
59
Nerves conducting a sympathetic response originate from which part of the CNS?
Thoracic & lumbar
60
Sympathetic nerve fibres have a ______ pre-ganglionic region
short
61
Parasympathetic nerve fibres originate from what parts of the CNS?
Cranium (brainstem) and sacrum
62
Parasympathetic nerve fibres have a ____ pre-ganlionic nerve fibres
long
63
Parasympathetic nerve fibres synapse near
the target organ
64
All preganglionic, sympathetic axons enter the
sympathetic trunk
65
Nerve fibres that have long preganglionic region and a short post-ganglionic region are associated with which NT?
Acetylcholine
66
Motor neuron axons exit the ________ root of the spinal cord
ventral
67
The spinal cord extends from ____ to_____
C1 to L1-L2
68
The inner core of the spinal cord is made up of _____ matter, which consists of neuronal ____ ________
gray, cell bodies
69
The outer region of the spinal cord is made up of ______ matter, with are _________ axona
white, myelinated
70
Spinal nerves exit the spinal canal via the _______ _______ of the corresponding vertebrae
intervertebral foramina
71
What are the nerve roots called when they first exit the spinal cord (prior to merging where they become the spinal nerve)?
ventral and dorsal nerve roots
72
Spinal nerves are made up of what types of fibres?
Motor, somatosensory, autonomic
73
Visceral pain can be referred to the skin (dermatomes), and this is referred to as _________ pain.
cutaneous
74
This is an area of skin responsible for sensory input to a single dorsal root
Dermatome
75
Pain corresponding with a particular dermatome can indicate possible injury to...
spinal cord, nerve root, or a spinal nerve
76
An individual set of muscles innervated by a single spinal nerve is called a
myotome
77
The functional role of this branch of the nervous system is to quickly mobilise energy and direct blood flow towards the heart
Sympathetic
78
The loss of the myelin sheath, leading to axonal conduction block and neurodegeneration
Demyelination
79
Is a demyelinated cell the same thing as an unmyelinated cell?
No
80
Multiple sclerosis is a demyelinating disorder of the ______
CNS
81
Gillan Barre syndrome, chronic inflammatory demyelinating ployneuropathy, and Charcot-Marie-Tooth are diseases demyelinating disorders of the_____
PNS

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