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Cog Bio Exam > Cog & Bio Attention > Flashcards

Cog & Bio Attention Flashcards

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1
Q

What is attention?

A

Attention isn’t just about what’s going on in the outside world, it’s about what’s going on internally as well

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2
Q

What does attention deal with?

A

Objects, trains of thought, withdrawing

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3
Q

What is known about attention?

A

Some inputs are processed elaborately
Some inputs are completely missed

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4
Q

What is focused attention (selective attention)?

A

attending to certain things and ignoring others

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5
Q

What is sustained attention?

A

Maintain attention on 1 input - hard to do

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6
Q

What is divided attention?

A

Multitasking or task-switching

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7
Q

What does attention affect?

A

Representation

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8
Q

Limited resource model:
Why do we need attention?

A

Because the cognitive system doesn’t have the capacity to process everything

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9
Q

Limited resource model:
How does spatial attention act like a spotlight?

A

Items in the spotlight receive resources - needs to select certain inputs and ignore other inputs - attention controlling how representations are boosted or muted - attention as a cause

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10
Q

Effects model:
What does representations ‘competing’ cause?

A

Causes an outcome that will call attentional selection - the representations struggle to dominate - the outcome of the way representations interact with each other - they may compete with each other for spotlight - attention as an outcome

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11
Q

What do early selection accounts suggest?

A
  1. Attended stimuli are deeply processed
  2. Only the basic physical features of unattended stimuli are processed
  3. ‘Filter settings’ determine what is attended
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12
Q

Early selection model

A

Proposes that the filter is BEFORE semantic analysis, and then response is after

Low level sensory analysis - filter - semantic analysis - response

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13
Q

What is the sensory analysis?

A

This system doesn’t have a limit of what it can process - it can extract all info on a basic level of the stimuli

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14
Q

What is the semantic analysis?

A

System after that tried to extract meaning from the world - goal is to understand what these things being told mean - VERY LIMITED - can only process one thing at a time - has to be protected as if it gets overwhelmed you won’t understand anything in that moment (hence the filter) - filters out info from the ignored channel

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15
Q

What is response?

A

To respond to the environment stimuli in some way

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16
Q

Who provides evidence for early selection? How?

A

Dichotic listening task & simple task - physical characteristics noticed but no semantic information - therefore selective auditory attention acts before semantic information is processed

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17
Q

What is sensory analysis capacity?

A

No capacity limit - short-term retention

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18
Q

What is semantic analysis capacity?

A

Capacity limited

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19
Q

Broadbents early selection - all of nothing filter meaning?

A

Filters out completely the unattended channel

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20
Q

Problem of the early model - what is the cocktail party effect?

A

Filter doesn’t always work
Personally-relevant info breaks the filter - attention can be grabbed by someone mentioning your name and then your attention is lost

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21
Q

The filter theory needs to be made more flexible - what did Triesman’s attenuating filter model suggest?

A

Awareness depends on threshold being reached - intensity of input would need to be high to give attention to a word which doesn’t have much meaning to you - threshold lower for a word that has meaning to you - representation in cognitive system doesn’t have to be as strong for you to notice it

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22
Q

triesman model

A

Low level sensory analysis - attenuator - semantic analysis - response

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23
Q

What evidence is there for late selection?

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A

Processing of unattended items - we need attention to guide action to one of many possible competing response - to protect action system from becoming overwhelmed

24
Q

Theory of late selection

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A

Low level sensory analysis - semantic analysis - filter - response

25
What does the negative priming + stroop test provide evidence for?
People find this stroop test hardest because the word of the colour is 1 above the colour that it is - therefore becomes slower - HIGHLIGHTS THE IMPORTANCE OF REPRESENTATIONS OF ACTIVATION THRESHOLDS
26
What does selection involve?
Inhibition - late selection involves excitation and suppression
27
Evidence of late selection?
Negative priming - suggests that ignored distractions are processed Inhibition prevents action being guided by distracting information
28
Prime display meaning?
What was the previous trial type
29
What is the perceptual load theory a solution to?
Conflicting findings of early and late selection experiments - aims to explain why
30
What does perceptual load theory propose?
There are both early and late limits to processing - argue there are 2 filters - an early and late - required to activate at different times in different places
31
What was flanker interference?
Discriminate centrally presented letter in the presence of to-be-ignored peripheral (flanking) letter - e.g respond to Z or X and ignore all other letters
32
What does response conflict show?
Shows there’s some processing going on of both stimuli
33
What does the flanker task test?
If the peripheral will flash up or be ignored - perceptual system being pushed very hard by several letters being next to each other and briefly flashing up
34
Load meaning?
How much info participants have to deal with in that brief flash
35
Are people slower when it’s high or low load?
High
36
What does it mean when you are slower with incompatible than neutral?
Interference - peripheral is being processed as it is interfering with your response - with low load there is high interference - with high load there is NO interference
37
What happens when you are fully occupied?
Distractions are LESS distracting
38
What happens when perceptual load is LOW (3points)
1. Filtering is not needed as capacity is not threatened 2. Enough resources to process targets and non-targets 3. So response competition can occur Late selection evidence - distracts is processed deeply
39
What happens when under high perceptual load conditions (3points)
1. Resources are used up / capacity is reached - overloaded - not enough capacity to process p repeal distractor - no interference effect - filtered out before it got to semantic system 2. Distracting non-targets are filtered out 3. So cannot interfere with target processing Early selection evidence - therefore we have a highly flexible system
40
What can explain different experiences in the world?
Attention systems work differently
41
What is an individual difference in attention?
Perceptual abilities in autism interacts with attention - people vary - how much info processing class do they have
42
What does research show about interference and people with ASD?
When you hit capacity limits - people in control group show no interference, but people in ASD group still showed interference - SUGGESTS THESE INDIVIDUALS HAVE A GREATER PERCEPTUAL CAPACITY
43
What happens when there is a pop-out / odd one out in tasks?
If a target holds a unique basic feature they pop out - people are good at detecting these - uses simple cells in the visual cortex
44
What happens when you add items to the search set in odd one out tasks?
Reaction time barely increases
45
What happens in a conjunction search?
System has a meltdown and cannot cope - the number of distractions increases - reaction time increases a great deal
46
In the conjunction search, for every distractor you add, how much does reaction time increase by? What does this suggest?
10-30ms Suggests that conjunctic search proceeds in a serial manner
47
Feature integration theory
- topographical maps for simple features 1. Orientation & colour etc 2. Features known to be coded in simple cells in visual cortex - biologically plausible cognitive theory
48
What does preattentive processing do?
Assigns features to locations - but are not unified to objects
49
What is attention’s job?
Bind the features to a single representation of an object
50
What is attention like?
Glue - a solution to ‘the binding problem’
51
Feature integration theory explains what?
Explains search performance: If only one map is needed attention is not required If more than 1 map is needed, attention must be applied to each input one-by-one
52
The limits of temporal attention? Rapid serial visual presentation - attentional blink effect
1. Stimuli are usually presented at central fixation 2. Rate of 6-20 items / seconds 3. Letters, words, scenes, faces 4. RSVP used to investigate temporal attention by broadbent originally
53
What is the rapid serial visual presentation?
Stimuli are usually presented at central fixation Rate or 6-20 items / second Letters, words, scenes, faces
54
In what demographic is superior performance in attention tasks shown?
Series of attention tasks show superior performance in video game players
55
Video game training improves what?
Attention
56
Action games do what?
Action games work, non-action games don’t
57
Action games increase what?
Perceptual capacity and visual acuity

Cog Bio Exam (21 decks)

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