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AP Psych > Cognition > Flashcards

Cognition Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

Storage

A

Retention of encoded info over time aka keeping it in

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2
Q

Retrieval

A

Process of getting info out of storage

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3
Q

Sensory memory

A

Our senses register infinitely more info than we actually process
*holds info from the senses for a max of a few seconds

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4
Q

Iconic memory

A

Memory of visual stimuli

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5
Q

Echoic memory

A

Memory of auditory stimuli

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6
Q

Short term memory

A

Retains 7 +/- bits of info
Retains info for 30 seconds
If we don’t do anything with the info we lose it
(George Miller)

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7
Q

Rehearsal

A

Conscious repetition of info to maintain info in stm or encode it for storage

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8
Q

Elaborative reversal

A

Repetition that creates associations (with something we already know) between the new memory and existing memories stored in LTM

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9
Q

Long term memory

A

Relatively permanent storage
Unlimited capacity
Subdivided into explicit and implicit memory

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10
Q

Explicit memory (declarative memory)

A

Location: Frontal lobes and hippocampus
(knowledge, facts, personal experiences)
that one consciously knows and can verbalize
Subdivided into semantic and episodic memory

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11
Q

Semantic memory

A

Memory of general knowledge or objective facts (math, history)

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12
Q

Episodic memory

A

Memory of personally experienced events (Kukuk getting shot when young)

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13
Q

Implicit memory (non-declarative memory)

A

Memory of skill and procedures
Learned from experience without having to refer to the experience
Ex. How to shoot a bball

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14
Q

Concepts

A

Mental representations of related things

Ex. Vertebrates and non vertebrates

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15
Q

Prototypes

A

The most typical examples of a concept

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16
Q

Schemas

A 
Framework of basic ideas and preconceptions about 
*pepole
*objects
*events 
(Ex. Beak, wings, tail) 
Based on past experiences
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17
Q

Thalamus

A

Encodes sensory memory into STM

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18
Q

Hippocampus, frontal and temporal lobes

A

Establishing of explicit LTM

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19
Q

Amygdala

A

Processes strong emotionally charged memories

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20
Q

Cerebellum

A

Processes implicit memory of skills

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21
Q

Retrieval

A

Process of getting info out of storage; putting together the “pieces” of our memory puzzle

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22
Q

Retrieval cue

A

A trigger to get info from storage (a hint to resemble that info)

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23
Q

Recognition

A

Identification of something as familiar (multiple choice/ matching)

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24
Q

Recall

A

Retrieval of info from LTM without any other info or cues (ex. Fill-in-the-blank/ free response) passive memory

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25
Serial position effect
Stronger recollection of info at the beginning and the end of a list of words
26
Primacy effect
Stronger recollection of the beginning
27
Recency effect
Stronger recollection of the end
28
Context-dependent memory
Memory Recall is stronger if u are in the room you learned the info
29
Mood-dependent memory
Tendency to recall info based on mood u learned it and if u the same mood when taking the test
30
State-dependent memory
Tendency to recall info if u in the same internal state in which u encoded the I for (ex. Drunk when learning= better on the test of drunk)
31
Reconstruction
Retrieval that distorts incomplete memories
32
Confabulation
Info from a different memory (movie where u say something, but from different movie) Assembling data from different events
33
Misinformation effect
Incorporating misleading information into memories of a given event
34
Encoding failure
Inability to transform sensory info into short or long term memory Generally due to lack of attention ( voice, hate, teacher)
35
Interference
Learning some items prevents retrieving others, especially when the items are similar
36
Proactive interference
Process by which old memories prevent the retrieval of newer ones
37
Retroactive interference
Process by which new memories prevent the retrieval of older memories ( psych class test on old stuff when learning new stuff)
38
Anterograde amnesia
Inability to access the event/ make new LTM due to damage to the hippocampus
39
Retrograde amnesia
Memory loss associated with a traumatic event
40
Intelligence
Depends upon perspective ability to reason Ability to adapt/survive (DAVID WECHSLER)
41
G factor
Developed by CHARLES SPEARMAN
42
Fluid and crystallized intelligence
Developed by RAYMOND CATTELL Fluid: ability to learn new ideas, to think in an abstract way, involves creative thinking and problem-solving(US) Crystallized: acquired knowledge, experiential knowledge (KUKUK)
43
Multiple intelligences
Developed by HOWARD GARDNER | Humans process different cognitive abilities, which underline different notions of intelligence
44
Mathematical intelligence
``` Logic Abstraction Reasoning Computation Critical thinking ```
45
Linguistic
Reading Writing Word memorization Verbalizing
46
Spatial
Judgement and Mental visualization
47
Kinesthetic
Hand/ eye coordination | Muscular coordination
48
Musical
Sensitivity to sound, Rhythm, tones, pitch, and timbre
49
Interpersonal
Interaction with others
50
Intrapersonal
Self reflection Self knowledge Aka honest to self
51
Binet-Simon scale
One of the first intelligence test developed by ALFRED BINET tested o his daughter In response to the French governments request to identify young children with learning disabilities worked with THEODORE SIMON
52
Stanford-Binet "intelligence Quotient" (IQ) test
Developed by LEWIS TERMAN | IQ= (mental age/ cranial age) 100
53
Trial and error
Guess and check
54
Algorithm
Step by step procedure which we arrive at the right answer
55
Heuristic
A mental shortcut to solve the problem | Worked in past but not guaranteed to work again
56
Insight learning
Sudden appearance or awareness of a solution
57
Mental sets
Lack of trying new methods and only apply Methods we have worked in the past because we have always done it this way
58
Functional fixedness
Not being able to recognize new uses for an object becaus the common use is so familiar (when a can of Wd-40 not...)
59
Availability heuristic
Tendency to estimate probability of certain events (when a plane crashes, all planes are unsafe)
60
Framing
The way an issue is stated can affect decisions and judgment (How I ask a question can influence the answer)
61
Confirmation bias
I look look for what I want to see....I'm blind to what I don't want to see (Teacher biased with choir kids; don't do HW= must be a choir kid)
62
Belief perseverance
He can do no wrong even though he does
63
Behavioral perspective
Language learned by imitation
64
Nativist perspective
Humans have an innate/ inborn capacity for acquiring language (Born with )
65
Social interactivist perspective
Trigger and modify tendency to communicate. | It's innate (babies try to talk) they try to do it
66
Babbling
Infants Spontaneous production of speech sounds Distilled and filtered over time Won't get u what u want
67
Phoneme
Smallest unit of sound in spoken language | Learn basic sounds; language (constant and vows)
68
Morpheme
Smallest unit of language that has meaning A word (combination of phonemes making a meaning) Re-view-er (not a word, by conveys meaning)
69
Holophrase
One-word Speech that has meaning | "Doggie"= there is a dog over there
70
Telegraphic speech
2 word Speech of a noun and a verb that has meaning | Ex. I see(v) doggie(n)
71
Grammar
Rules for language | How words and sounds are combined to communicate
72
Over generalization
Literal application of grammatical rules S, es (plural Ed(past) Buts lacks understanding of expectations of rules like foots and runned is wrong
73
Syntax
ORDER by which words can be combined to communicate | I run the dog heard (u make sense of it to herd)
74
Semantics
Concerns the MEANING of a word, phrase, and sentences | Def. ,context
75
Encoding
Getting info in | *requires focused attention and rehearsal

AP Psych (15 decks)

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