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AP Psych > Learning > Flashcards

Learning Flashcards

1
Q

Learning

A

Permanent Changes in the way I think and act or knowledge due to experience or training vs innate knowledge
Caused by some type of interaction w/ my environment
No innate factors cuz it involves changes through experience

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2
Q

Classical conditioning

A

IVAN PAVLOV

Organisms learn by establishing connections(associationism) between events and or stimuli

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3
Q

Unconditioned stimulus (US)

A

Any stimulus which invokes the natural/reflexive response
Reflexes: Innate responses/reactions to a stimulus
Unlearned ex. Pain

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4
Q

Unconditioned response (UR)

A

The natural or reflexive response to the unconditioned stimulus
Ex. Avoidance

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5
Q

Neutral stimulus (Ns)

A

Any event or object which does not evoke any natural response
Ex. Wasp

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6
Q

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

A

A formerly neutral stimulus which after association with an unconditioned stimulus produces a conditioned response
Ex. Wasp stings us giving us pain

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7
Q

Conditioned response (CR)

A

The learned response to a conditioned stimulus based on our experience with our environment

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8
Q

Extinction (classical conditioning)

A

When the unconditioned stimulus is separated from the conditioned stimulus
resulting, overtime in the elimination of the conditioned response

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9
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

For no apparent reason, a conditioned response will re-appear after it has been extinguished

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10
Q

Generalization

A

Unlearned/neutral stimulus and pair it with a similar stimulus that we had which we been conditioned to generalize
Ex. Look at fly and looks like a wasp so we avoid it

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11
Q

Discrimination

A

The ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other similar stimuli
I’m

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12
Q

Higher order conditioning

A

When a conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus which results in the same condition response
Ex. Wasp live in a tree and we experience pain, we then learn to associate a tree with The wasp making tree become conditioned stimulus

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13
Q

Classical conditioning

A

IVAN PAVLOV

Organisms learn by establishing connections(associationism) between events and or stimuli

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14
Q

Unconditioned stimulus (US)

A

Any stimulus which invokes the natural/reflexive response
Reflexes: Innate responses/reactions to a stimulus
Unlearned ex. Pain

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15
Q

Unconditioned response (UR)

A

The natural or reflexive response to the unconditioned stimulus
Ex. Avoidance

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16
Q

Neutral stimulus (Ns)

A

Any event or object which does not evoke any natural response
Ex. Wasp

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17
Q

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

A

A formerly neutral stimulus which after association with an unconditioned stimulus produces a conditioned response
Ex. Wasp stings us giving us pain

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18
Q

Conditioned response (CR)

A

The learned response to a conditioned stimulus based on our experience with our environment

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19
Q

Extinction (classical conditioning)

A

When the unconditioned stimulus is separated from the conditioned stimulus
resulting, overtime in the elimination of the conditioned response

20
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

For no apparent reason, a conditioned response will re-appear after it has been extinguished

21
Q

Generalization

A

Unlearned/neutral stimulus and pair it with a similar stimulus that we had which we been conditioned to generalize
Ex. Look at fly and looks like a wasp so we avoid it

22
Q

Discrimination

A

The ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other similar stimuli
Ex. We see a difference in the fly and the wasp so we don’t avoid it

23
Q

Higher order conditioning

A

When a conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus which results in the same condition response
Ex. Wasp live in a tree and we experience pain, we then learn to associate a tree with The wasp making tree become conditioned stimulus

24
Q

Regarding making associations

A

Innate skill
“Quick and dirty” survival mechanism (ex. Wasp=pain)
Does not always reflect cause-and-effect
Can condition disordered, phobic, and /or superstitious behaviors

25
Q

John Watson

A

established the behavioral approach to psychology in American
only observable behavior = science
Rejects or ignores mental states or thought processes
Dominant in America (especially education)

26
Q

Little Albert experiment

A

Watsons famous experiment

Proved he could condition the behavior of fear in a

27
Q

Operant learning

A

B.F. SKINNER

Harvard professor who showed how a behavior is determined by the consequences which follows the behavior

28
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

Anything that increases “ADDED” the likelihood that a behavior will be repeated
Ex. A reward or bonus for good behavior
good grades or praise for academic effort

29
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

Anything that is removed that will increase the likelihood that a behavior will be repeated
Ex. Getting home before curfew to take away the possibility of being grounded or
I study so the treat of not getting into college goes away

30
Q

Primary reinforcers

A

Anything that is a natural, innate, or unlearned reinforce
Ex. Food
Sex

Ex. Donut

31
Q

Secondary reinforcers

A

A learned reinforce
reinforcer that is paired with the primary reinforcer
Ex. Go to class so u can get a donut

32
Q

Token economy

A

A subject behaves in a particular way in order to earn a token/coupon which may be used to purchase a primary reinforcer

33
Q

Continuous reinforcement

A

Want to subject is reinforced EVERYTIME he or she provides an appropriate response

34
Q

Intermittent reinforcement

A

When A subject is reinforced RANDOMLY

35
Q

Fixed ratio

A

When to subject is reinforced after SET number of RESPONSES

Ex. For every 10 coffees I buy I get one free

36
Q

Fixed interval

A

When a subject is reinforced after a SET period of TIME

Ex. Every Friday at Starbucks I get 50% off for every coffee I buy

37
Q

Variable ratio

A

When a subject is reinforced after a RANDOM number of RESPONSE
Ex. I gamble at a slot machine because, after random number of attempts I might win some money

38
Q

Variable interval

A

When a subject is reinforced after RANDOM period of TIME

Ex. Even though the fish are continually biting, I wait because, at some point one will

39
Q

Shaping

A

Progressively modeling or training an organism to perform a specific response by reinforcing any responses that inclined toward or approximate the desired response

40
Q

Punishment

A

Anything that decreases the likelihood of the behavior being repeated

41
Q

Positive punishment

A

Stoping behavior by administering something adverse

42
Q

Negative punishment

A

Stopping behavior by removing something positive

43
Q

Law of effect

A

EDWARD THORNDIKE
Columbia university professor
Behavior associated with a desirable consequence is likely to be repeated in the same situation

44
Q

Observational learning

A

ALFRED BANDURA
Currently a professor at Stanford
When a subject learns by observing the behaviors of others

45
Q

BANDURA social-cognitive theory

A

Learning and the result of observation in modeling

46
Q

Bobo doll experiment

A

Lowered inhibitions
Imitated specific behaviors
Increased aggression

AP Psych (15 decks)

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