Learning

Question 1

Learning

Answer 1

Permanent Changes in the way I think and act or knowledge due to experience or training vs innate knowledge
Caused by some type of interaction w/ my environment
No innate factors cuz it involves changes through experience

Question 2

Classical conditioning

Answer 2

IVAN PAVLOV

Organisms learn by establishing connections(associationism) between events and or stimuli

Question 3

Unconditioned stimulus (US)

Answer 3

Any stimulus which invokes the natural/reflexive response
Reflexes: Innate responses/reactions to a stimulus
Unlearned ex. Pain

Question 4

Unconditioned response (UR)

Answer 4

The natural or reflexive response to the unconditioned stimulus
Ex. Avoidance

Question 5

Neutral stimulus (Ns)

Answer 5

Any event or object which does not evoke any natural response
Ex. Wasp

Question 6

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

Answer 6

A formerly neutral stimulus which after association with an unconditioned stimulus produces a conditioned response
Ex. Wasp stings us giving us pain

Question 7

Conditioned response (CR)

Answer 7

The learned response to a conditioned stimulus based on our experience with our environment

Question 8

Extinction (classical conditioning)

Answer 8

When the unconditioned stimulus is separated from the conditioned stimulus
resulting, overtime in the elimination of the conditioned response

Question 9

Spontaneous recovery

Answer 9

For no apparent reason, a conditioned response will re-appear after it has been extinguished

Question 10

Generalization

Answer 10

Unlearned/neutral stimulus and pair it with a similar stimulus that we had which we been conditioned to generalize
Ex. Look at fly and looks like a wasp so we avoid it

Question 11

Discrimination

Answer 11

The ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other similar stimuli
I’m

Question 12

Higher order conditioning

Answer 12

When a conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus which results in the same condition response
Ex. Wasp live in a tree and we experience pain, we then learn to associate a tree with The wasp making tree become conditioned stimulus

Question 13

Classical conditioning

Answer 13

IVAN PAVLOV

Organisms learn by establishing connections(associationism) between events and or stimuli

Question 14

Unconditioned stimulus (US)

Answer 14

Any stimulus which invokes the natural/reflexive response
Reflexes: Innate responses/reactions to a stimulus
Unlearned ex. Pain

Question 15

Unconditioned response (UR)

Answer 15

The natural or reflexive response to the unconditioned stimulus
Ex. Avoidance

Question 16

Neutral stimulus (Ns)

Answer 16

Any event or object which does not evoke any natural response
Ex. Wasp

Question 17

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

Answer 17

A formerly neutral stimulus which after association with an unconditioned stimulus produces a conditioned response
Ex. Wasp stings us giving us pain

Question 18

Conditioned response (CR)

Answer 18

The learned response to a conditioned stimulus based on our experience with our environment

Question 19

Extinction (classical conditioning)

Answer 19

When the unconditioned stimulus is separated from the conditioned stimulus
resulting, overtime in the elimination of the conditioned response

Question 20

Spontaneous recovery

Answer 20

For no apparent reason, a conditioned response will re-appear after it has been extinguished

Question 21

Generalization

Answer 21

Unlearned/neutral stimulus and pair it with a similar stimulus that we had which we been conditioned to generalize
Ex. Look at fly and looks like a wasp so we avoid it

Question 22

Discrimination

Answer 22

The ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other similar stimuli
Ex. We see a difference in the fly and the wasp so we don’t avoid it

Question 23

Higher order conditioning

Answer 23

When a conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus which results in the same condition response
Ex. Wasp live in a tree and we experience pain, we then learn to associate a tree with The wasp making tree become conditioned stimulus

Question 24

Regarding making associations

Answer 24

Innate skill
“Quick and dirty” survival mechanism (ex. Wasp=pain)
Does not always reflect cause-and-effect
Can condition disordered, phobic, and /or superstitious behaviors

Question 25

John Watson

Answer 25

established the behavioral approach to psychology in American only observable behavior = science Rejects or ignores mental states or thought processes Dominant in America (especially education)

Question 26

Little Albert experiment

Answer 26

Watsons famous experiment | Proved he could condition the behavior of fear in a

Question 27

Operant learning

Answer 27

B.F. SKINNER | Harvard professor who showed how a behavior is determined by the consequences which follows the behavior

Question 28

Positive reinforcement

Answer 28

Anything that increases "ADDED" the likelihood that a behavior will be repeated Ex. A reward or bonus for good behavior good grades or praise for academic effort

Question 29

Negative reinforcement

Answer 29

Anything that is removed that will increase the likelihood that a behavior will be repeated Ex. Getting home before curfew to take away the possibility of being grounded or I study so the treat of not getting into college goes away

Question 30

Primary reinforcers

Answer 30

Anything that is a natural, innate, or unlearned reinforce Ex. Food Sex Ex. Donut

Question 31

Secondary reinforcers

Answer 31

A learned reinforce reinforcer that is paired with the primary reinforcer Ex. Go to class so u can get a donut

Question 32

Token economy

Answer 32

A subject behaves in a particular way in order to earn a token/coupon which may be used to purchase a primary reinforcer

Question 33

Continuous reinforcement

Answer 33

Want to subject is reinforced EVERYTIME he or she provides an appropriate response

Question 34

Intermittent reinforcement

Answer 34

When A subject is reinforced RANDOMLY

Question 35

Fixed ratio

Answer 35

When to subject is reinforced after SET number of RESPONSES | Ex. For every 10 coffees I buy I get one free

Question 36

Fixed interval

Answer 36

When a subject is reinforced after a SET period of TIME | Ex. Every Friday at Starbucks I get 50% off for every coffee I buy

Question 37

Variable ratio

Answer 37

When a subject is reinforced after a RANDOM number of RESPONSE Ex. I gamble at a slot machine because, after random number of attempts I might win some money

Question 38

Variable interval

Answer 38

When a subject is reinforced after RANDOM period of TIME | Ex. Even though the fish are continually biting, I wait because, at some point one will

Question 39

Shaping

Answer 39

Progressively modeling or training an organism to perform a specific response by reinforcing any responses that inclined toward or approximate the desired response

Question 40

Punishment

Answer 40

Anything that decreases the likelihood of the behavior being repeated

Question 41

Positive punishment

Answer 41

Stoping behavior by administering something adverse

Question 42

Negative punishment

Answer 42

Stopping behavior by removing something positive

Question 43

Law of effect

Answer 43

EDWARD THORNDIKE Columbia university professor Behavior associated with a desirable consequence is likely to be repeated in the same situation

Question 44

Observational learning

Answer 44

ALFRED BANDURA Currently a professor at Stanford When a subject learns by observing the behaviors of others

Question 45

BANDURA social-cognitive theory

Answer 45

Learning and the result of observation in modeling

Question 46

Bobo doll experiment

Answer 46

Lowered inhibitions Imitated specific behaviors Increased aggression