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AP Psych > Development > Flashcards

Development Flashcards

(63 cards)

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1
Q

Nature versus nurture

A

Genetic, development is innate(DNA)
Or
environmental factors (parents, friends, fam, society)
Or both

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2
Q

Continuity v.s. discontinuity

A

Development as a seamless process (infancy, childhood, adolescent, adulthood) rising up
Or
A sequence of distinct and separate stages
(Infancy, childhood, adolescent, adulthood) stairs

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3
Q

Stability vs change

A

From birth do we have core personality traits that endure throughout development
Or
Change as a product of development throughout life

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4
Q

Cross-sectional

A

Different populations at the same time

Ex. Studying substance use habits of 9, 10, 11, 12 graders simultaneously

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5
Q

Cohort effect

A

People who are approximately the same age and share a cultural experience
Limits ability to do a comparison study
Ex. Studying 9th in substance is difficult to compare to 12th graders because culture and perspective

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6
Q

Longitudinal

A

Same population over a period of time and how they evolve

Ex. Studied ninth graders in substance habits and followed through high school

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7
Q

Critical period

A

Younger you are, the more critical the impact
If development not supported, might inhabit or prevent later development

Ex. Three month old ->no food for three days they die VS no food for three days extremely hungry

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8
Q

Sensitive period

A

If development not supported, might render later development more difficult
Ex. Can’t teach an old dog new tricks

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9
Q

Prenatal development

A

Fertilization to birth
Conception :union of sperm and ovum

Zygote development
Embryonic period
Fetal period
Age of viability

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10
Q

Zygote development

A

Cell differentiation
Muscles?
neurons?
blood?

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11
Q

Embryonic period

A

2 weeks to 2 months
Organ development begins
Cell differentiation

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12
Q

Fetal period

A

9 week to birth
Age of viability
Integration of organ systems
And teratogens

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13
Q

Age of viability

A

Point at which a premature baby has a 50% chance of surviving outside the room

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14
Q

Teratogens

A

Toxic substances
Can cause birth defects or even terminate pregnancy

Psychoactive drugs
infectious disease
environmental toxins

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15
Q

Psychoactive drugs

A

Alcohol: fetal alcohol syndrome(FAS)
Cocaine: “unattached” syndrome (can’t emotionally bonded with anyone;angry)

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16
Q

Infectious diseases

A

Measles
chickenpox
HIV/AIDS

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17
Q

Environmental toxins

A

Flint river= lead & unpurified water

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18
Q

Neonatal development

A 
Birth to 1 month 
Plasticity Optimum 
Survival Reflexs
Habituation 
Language/ motor development
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19
Q

Optimum plasticity

A

Development of nervous system; brain cells & wires itself

Myelination
Synaptogenesis
Pruning
Lateralization

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20
Q

Reflex expression

A

Survival instincts of a newborn babies
Ex
Rooting: moving head when cheek gets touched; searching for a nipple
sucking
swallowing
grasping: closing hand tightly when palm is stimulated
Moro (startle): arching back, flinging arms outward when startled by a loud noise

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21
Q

Habituation

A

Stimulus desensitization and discrimination INDICATES REMEMBERING/ LEARNING

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22
Q

Childhood development

A

Characterized by dynamic increase in neural networking and corresponding cognitive development

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23
Q

Adolescence

A

A time of significant physiological change/ growth
Transitional period beginning with puberty
fertility

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24
Q

Development indicating puberty

A

Primary sex characteristics
Secondary sex characteristics
Menarche

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25
Primary sex characteristics
Reproductive organs Ovaries Testes Corresponding sex organs
26
Secondary sex characteristics
Non-reproductive, physical features associated with being an adult man or woman
27
Menarche
First menstrual period
28
Developmental psychology
The field of psychology would studies the physical, cognitive and social changes, from conception to death
29
Cognitive development
Development of memory, language, higher thinking skills, problem-solving
30
Jean Piaget
Swiss biologist and studies little kids | Theory of cognitive development: nature and discontinuity approach
31
Jean piagets core insights
- Children think differently than adults - the "pre-logical" of similar aged children is fairly consistent - children develop higher cognitive skills progressively through stages @ a similar pace - cognitive development is an innate drive to make sense of the world through schemas, assimilation, & accommodation
32
Schema
Framework of basic info | Birds= things that fly
33
Assimilation
Incorporation of new ideas into a schema | Birds: things that fly -> robin/bat/ plane
34
Accommodation
Modification of a schema to fit new ideas | Birds: things that lay eggs and have feathers
35
Piagets Stages of cognitive development
Innate and discontinuous Sensorimotor Preoperational Concrete operational Formal operational
36
Sensorimotor
- Birth to 2 years - Reflexes (understanding the world by grasping, mouthing) - circular reactions - object permanence: sense of objectivity; out of sight; out of mind (peek-a-boo)
37
Pre operational
``` 2-7 years Language development (world symbols) ``` Egocentrism: Animism Artificialism
38
Egocentrism:
procevies world from own perspective and inability to empathize What I sense is what everyone else senses causing inability to know what someone else is sensing knowing and intending
39
Animism
Everything is alive; pretend play, imagination
40
Artificialism
All things are made by ppl
41
Concrete operational
7-12 years old Logic and conservation (reversibility) Decentering: growing from egocentrism Conservation: form vs substance
42
Formal operational
12+ years old Hypothetical thinking Abstract conception
43
Lev Vygotsky
Russian. -cognition is continuous product of social environment -Language development is key to cog development "Learning" occurs when someone can do something without assistance= ZONE OF PROXIMAL DEVELOPMENT
44
Moral development
Ability to know right from wrong; act ethically
45
Piagets 2 stage theory:
Heteronomynous (pre operational) | Autonomous (concrete- formal operational)
46
Lawrence kohlbergs theory
Pre convention level: avoid punishment Conventional level: conformity; law and order (illegal stuff) Post conventional level: social contract; community welfare universal principles; social conscience
47
Carol Gillian's "ethic of care"
Applies kohlbergs theory to women | Caring is a cardinal value in women's ethical scale
48
Bonding
Process of forming attachment
49
Attachment theories
How child/parent bond affects development (HARLOW & AINSWORTH)
50
Harry HARLOW
Attachment experiments with monkeys | - shows importance of physical comforting in healthy physical and social development
51
Mary AINSWORTH
Strange situation experiment with human babies Secure attachment: more adaptive and productive personal qualities (baby cries when mom leaves) Insecure: results of neglect (child mad at mother when mom returned)
52
Social referencing
Obtaining info, direction by observing others
53
Diana BAUMRIND 4 parenting styles
Authoritarian: strictly enforced ruled Authoritative: reasonable/ realistic rules; encourages communication; expect responsible behavior Permissive: few rules; expect kid to learn from their mistakes Uninvolved
54
Eriksons theory of psychosocial development
Reflecting a crisis brought about by an interaction between cog and social changes Attitudes can be modified or reserved; depending upon subsequent experience
55
Trust vs mistrust
(Infancy-1 year) Dependent upon the attitude of the parent Development an attitude that the world is secure, stable, and predictable or not
56
Autonomy vs shame and doubt (toddler;1-3)
Toddlers are allowed to explore their world and gain a sense of independence Or Controlled, criticized, or overly protective
57
Initiative vs guilt
Preschool (3-6) Child seeks role-play and use their imagination If Censored or made to be guilty they will lack necessary skills for successful adulthood
58
Industry vs inferiority
School age 6-12 Characterized by rules, hw, extra curricular activities, social interaction Parents encourage and support Or Criticize, hover, and/or blame others
59
Ego identity vs role confusion
Adolescene; 12-mid 20s Develop meaningful personal identity Know who one is Develop ability to deal with adults challenges
60
Intimacy vs isolation and
Experience meaningful relationship | To find someone with whom to share life (start dam)
61
Generativity vs stagnation
Middle adulthood Provide for fam Vs Living selfishly
62
Ego integrity vs despair
Late adulthood Look back at life with sense of accomplishment Vs Attitude of regret and "what if" resulting in despair
63
Elizabeth KUBLER-ROSS
``` studies of the dying process 5 stages: Denial Anger Bargaining Depression Acceptance ```

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