Communicable Diseases, Disease Prevention and the Immune System Flashcards
(43 cards)
What are the four main types of pathogen that cause communicable diseases?
Bacteria, viruses, protoctists, fungi
Give one example of a bacterial disease in animals.
Tuberculosis (TB).
Give one example of a bacterial disease in plants.
Ring rot.
Give one example of a viral disease in animals.
HIV/AIDS or influenza.
Give one example of a viral disease in plants.
Tobacco Mosaic Virus.
Give one example of a protoctist disease in animals.
Malaria
Give one example of a protoctist disease in animals.
Potato or tomato late blight
Give one example of a fungal disease in animals.
Potato or tomato late blight
Give one example of a fungal disease in plants.
Black sigatoka.
How are pathogens transmitted in animals?
Direct contact, droplets, vectors, contaminated food/water.
How are pathogens transmitted in plants?
Infected seeds, soil, wind, water, vectors.
What environmental and social factors affect disease transmission?
Climate, overcrowding, poor sanitation.
What are the physical plant defences against pathogens?
Waxy cuticle, cell walls, callose deposition.
What are the chemical defences used by plants?
Antimicrobial chemicals, enzymes, toxins.
What are the primary non-specific defences in animals?
Skin, clotting, inflammation, mucous membranes, reflexes.
What is the role of platelets in blood clotting?
Platelets release substances leading to fibrin clot formation
What is inflammation and why does it occur?
Localised heat, swelling, redness due to increased blood flow.
What are expulsive reflexes and what is their purpose?
Sneezing, coughing, vomiting to expel pathogens.
What is the structure of a neutrophil?
Multilobed nucleus, granular cytoplasm.
What is the function of an antigen-presenting cell?
Displays antigens to activate immune cells.
What is the role of opsonins?
Bind to pathogens to aid phagocytosis
What is the role of lysosomes in phagocytosis?
Contain enzymes to digest pathogens.
What are the roles of B lymphocytes in the specific immune response?
Produce plasma cells and memory cells.
What are the roles of T lymphocytes in the specific immune response?
Activate B cells and destroy infected cells.
