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Anatomy And Physiology 2 > Comparitive Anatomy > Flashcards

Comparitive Anatomy Flashcards

0
Q

Briefly describe reptiles that are non-avian

A

Ectothermic oviparous and Viviparous amniotes

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1
Q

Briefly describe birds

A

Highly evolved reptiles, and endothermic, Oviparous amniotes

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2
Q

Briefly describe amphibians

A

Ectothermic, oviparous, viviparous and pulmocutaneous respiration

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3
Q

Briefly describe fish

A

Ectothermic, oviparous, viviparous, gills

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4
Q

Describe five key differences of a birds respiratory system then versus a mammal

A
  1. entrance to trachea is the glottis at the base of the tongue different then the opening to the digestive tract.
  2. No diaphragm expiration relies on their abdominal muscles.
  3. lungs are rigid and do not expand when filled with air.
  4. air sacs fill body cavities and spaces in large bones.
  5. have continuous flow of air through the lungs (not tidal)
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5
Q

What is a Choana

A

Slit between nasal and oral cavities

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6
Q

What is a glottis

A

Opening to larynx. Contains no epiglottis. Sound is produced in syrinx

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7
Q

Where is the syrinx located

A

Right before the bronchial split

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8
Q

How many air sacs do most birds have

A

Nine in addition to two lungs

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9
Q

Where does gas exchange occurs in birds

A

Gas exchange only occurs in the lungs. Air sacs of her storage lightning the body for flight and thermal regulation

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10
Q

Describe the cycle of gas exchange in birds

A

Gas exchange incurs in the small parabronchi that are surrounded by capillories. Two cycles are required to expel the air. Due to high efficiency of respiratory system birds are very sensitive to toxic fumes and inhalant anesthesia

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11
Q

Describe the respiratory system of non-avian reptiles

A

Lack a true diaphragm. Use ribs and abs. Require much less oxygen due to low metabolism.

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12
Q

Where is the glottis located in non-avian reptiles

A

At the bottom of the tongue. Snake can move the glottis laterally while feeding.

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13
Q

Do snakes have both lungs

A

No usually they only have the right lung

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14
Q

How do aquatic turtles breathe underwater

A

Cloacal respiration

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15
Q

Describe the respiratory system of amphibians

A

Simple lungs with few to no lobes. Reduced/no ribs force air down by pushing up floor of mouth– positive pressure breathing. Also respire through skin and mouth thus surfaces must remain moist

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16
Q

Describe the cardiovascular system as birds

A

Four chambered heart with no mixing of deoxygenated and oxygenated blood.

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17
Q

What are three key differences in the cardio system of birds versus mammals

A
  1. Large arteries supplying flight muscles and wings.
  2. Some birds have a countercurrent heat exchange system in legs to reduce heat loss and conserve energy. 3. Birds and reptiles have a renal portal system which can shunt blood from the caudal region to kidneys or vena cava
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18
Q

What’s different about the leukocytes in birds and reptiles

A

Neutrophils are actually called heterophils

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19
Q

What’s different about The erythrocytes in birds and reptiles

A

There oval and nucleated

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20
Q

What’s different about thrombocytes in birds and reptiles

A

There nucleated

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21
Q

Where is the heart in reptiles

A

The location varies with the species. Snake hearts are mobile to comedy ingestion of large pray.

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22
Q

Do reptile hearts have three chambers or four

A

Most have three Chambers but ventricle is partially divided to reduce mixing

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23
Q

What can aquatic reptiles and feeding snakes do

A

Shunt blood away from the pulmonary circulation.

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24
Q

Describe a reptiles well developed lymphatic system

A

Nodes are replaced by hearts which pump. Venipuncture samples often contain lymph due to large vessels nearby

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25
Q

What is a cloaca

A

Common caudal opening for digestive reproductive and urinary systems. Found in monotreme mammals, birds and reptiles and amphibians

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26
Q

What is the monotreme mammal

A

Egg laying

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27
Q

What are the three regions of the cloaca

A

Coprodeum: terminus of rectum
Urodeum: terminus of ureter and vas deferens.
Proctodeum: connects with bursa of fabricus

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28
Q

What is the bursa of fabricius

A

Found only in birds. Largest lymphoid organ. Site of maturation of B cells

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29
Q

What is the primary nitrogenous waste in a birds urinary system

A

Uric acid which is relatively insoluble and non-toxic. Important for amniotic egg and water conservation

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30
Q

Describe the kidney of a bird

A

Has three divisions and lacks a renal pelvis

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31
Q

Do birds have a bladder

A

No they have no bladder and no urethra

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32
Q

What is a bird mute

A

Bird poop. Urine is the liquid portion, uric acid is the pasty portion, feces is the color variation.

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33
Q

What percent of birds have penises

A

3%.

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34
Q

How do birds copulate without a penis

A

They copulate through a cloacal kiss.

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35
Q

How does reproductive organ size fluctuate

A

With the breeding season; hormonaly influenced and gonads are small during non breeding seasons.

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36
Q

Describe male birds

A

Testes are internal and sperm is stored in seminal vesicles At the base of vas deferens in the cooler location

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37
Q

What is seminal fluid produced by in male birds

A

Seminiferous tubules

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38
Q

Describe the reproductive system in female birds

A

Right ovary is usually vestigial. During breeding season one ovum is ovulated every 24 hrs until clutch is complete. The oviduct is divided into 5 regions which help the amniotic egg

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39
Q

What is the infundibulum in the female reproductive tract

A

Egg and yolk ovulated; site of fermentation

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40
Q

What is the magnum of the female reproductive tract in a bird

A

Layers of albumin (egg white) added

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41
Q

What is the isthmus in the female reproductive tract

A

Keratinized shell membranes added

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42
Q

What is the shell gland/uterus in female birds

A

Adds more albumin and adds the hard shell and pigmentation

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43
Q

What is the vagina in the female bird

A

Secrets mucus to assist in egg laying, also the site of sperm storage.

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44
Q

What is a clutch

A

of eggs laid- varies by species

45
Q

What determines egg layers

A

Have a set # of follicles that develop, hence the # of eggs laid

46
Q

What are inderterminant egg layers

A

Will continue to lay eggs if some are removed

47
Q

What is egg binding

A

Egg stuck in oviduct

48
Q

What must happen to eggs

A

Must be kept warm and moist throughout incubation period.

49
Q

What is a brood patch

A

Well vascularized area on lower stomach

50
Q

What stimulates the formation of a brood patch

A

Prolactin and estrogen

51
Q

What is hatching assisted by

A

The egg tooth and strong neck muscles which both atrophy after hatching.

52
Q

What is a altricial

A

Eyes closed, no feathers. Require a lot of parental care before leaving nest (parrots)

53
Q

What is semialtricial

A

Eyes open or closed, covered with down and immobile. (Hawk and owls)

54
Q

What is precocial

A

Eyes open, covered with down, mobile and leave nest quickly (geese, ducks, chicken)

55
Q

Describe a turtles bladder

A

Short wide urethras

56
Q

What do terrestrial and embryonic reptiles produce

A

Uric acid.

57
Q

What do aquatic animals produce

A

Urea in ammonia.

58
Q

Describe male reproduction in reptiles

A

Internal fertilization
Have internal testes
Have copulatory organs

59
Q

Describe crocodilian and chelonian reproductive organs

A

Have a mound of erectile tissue on floor of cloaca. Forms through to transfer sperm and has no urinary function.

60
Q

Describe snakes and lizards

A

Have hemipenes which form through for sperm transfer

61
Q

Describe hemipenes

A

Penises of snakes and lizards.
Each attached to a testis: transfers sperm to female.
Some have hooks and spines to improve success.

62
Q

How do you sex snakes

A

Stick a sexing probe in

63
Q

Why do snakes have two penises

A

Females want to mate and can store sperm for 5 yrs. they choose best male to fertilize the eggs and they can detect MHC molecules

64
Q

Describe female reproduction in reptiles

A

Paired ovaries and oviducts.
Oviduct structure and function is similar to birds
Most species are oviparous - viviparous
Most species do not incubate or protect eggs.

65
Q

How does temperature determine offspring

A

Typically cooler temperatures during incubation form males

66
Q

Describe bird integument

A

Keratinized thin epidermis.
Dermis with smooth muscle, fat, blood vessels, nervous, feather follicles
No sweat or sebaceous gland

67
Q

What grows continuously on a bird

A

Beak and claws

68
Q

What is the uropygial gland

A

At base of tail and secretes oil.

69
Q

Describe feathers

A

Unique to birds
Likely first evolved for thermoregulation in dinosaurs then flight.
Important to flight, thermoregulation, sensory, camouflage, social behaviour

70
Q

What are contour feathers

A

Flight feathers that can be moved by muscles attached to the follicle

71
Q

What are semi plume feathers

A

Rashi’s lacking barbules and hooks, under the contours, aid in insulation and Boyance in aquatic birds

72
Q

What are Filoplume feathers

A

Plays a sensory role in feather movement

73
Q

What is a bristle

A

Sensory roll, usually located in facial region

74
Q

What is a Downy feather

A

Insulation, located under contours

75
Q

What is the blood feather

A

Normal developing feather that has a blood supply in the shaft. Also called pinfeather. Can bleed a lot of broken

76
Q

Describe the adaptations for flight that the bird skeletal system has

A
  1. Reduction in number of bones.
  2. Fusion of bones into plates to strengthen the skeleton.
  3. Reduced density of compact bone. Internal braces to support thin margins.
  4. loss of bone matrix: hollow bones pneumatic bones that are filled with air sacs
77
Q

Describe the skull of a bird

A

Teeth replaced by keratinized beak that’s covering bone, beak varies with diet. Many species have a joint between the maxilla and skull called the craniofacial hinge which increases mobility during feeding. Large orbit for large eyes and to lighten skull, some have Sclerotic ring to support the eye

78
Q

Describe a cervical vertebrae

A

(Parakeets) have 11 to 25 (swans), joints allow much movement

79
Q

Describe the thoracic vertebrae of a bird

A

Rigid, supports ribs. Cranial ribs not attached to sternum. Urcinate processes connect ribs caudally

80
Q

Describe what the distal lumbar, sacral and first few coccygeal vertebrae do

A

Fuse to form the synsacrum which supports legs and acts as a shock absorber during landing

81
Q

What do the distal coccygeal vertebrae fused to form

A

Pygostyle that supports tailfeathers

82
Q

Describe the sternum of a bird

A

Protects thoracic region, has a keel for flight muscle attachment.
The contraction of the pectoralis muscle lowers wings in the down stroke.
in the contraction of the Supracorcoideus muscle raises wings in the upstroke

83
Q

What is the preferred site for intramuscular injections in the bird

A

Pectoralis

84
Q

What is the carpometacarpus

A

The carpals metacarpals are fused to form it

85
Q

How many phalanges do birds have in their wing

A

Two digits. First digit forms aLula that assists in landing and takeoff. Second and third digit supports primary wing feathers.

86
Q

What is the pelvis of the bird composed of

A

Ilium, ischium, pubis. Non Fused distally to facilitate egg development in uterus and egg laying

87
Q

Describe the legs of a bird

A

Fused bones: the tibiotarsus (drumstick) and the tarsometatarsus.
Proximal to tarsometatarsus is muscle, distal is tendons

88
Q

Why don’t birds fall off their perch when they’re asleep

A

Birds cannot fall off a perch when asleep. Each toe is connected to a cord inside the leg. When the leg is bent the cord stretch tight and pull the toes around the branch, it takes more energy to leave the perch then to stay there.

89
Q

What are birds feet considered

A

Bipedal, digitigrade. Most species have four toes in various arrangements

90
Q

What is the anisodactyl

A

Most common

Mainly perching birds

91
Q

What is a zygodactyl

A

Many perching birds

Parrots, cuckoos

92
Q

What are rooster spurs

A

Calcar protruding from the tarsometatarsal bone. Surrounded by an extensive horny keratinized layer

93
Q

Describe the birds digestive system

A

Have an efficient system to meet high caloric commands, birds assimilate 60 to 99% of food eaten. Many have salivary gland to Morrison food and start starch digestion

94
Q

What is the use of the esophagus in birds

A

Moistens and transports food

95
Q

What is the use of the crop in birds

A

Used to store food. Can be an enlargement of the esophagus, single pouch or double pouch. Pigeons and doves form pigeon milk from mucosal lining to feed hatchlings. Owls lack a crop and regurgitate pellets.

96
Q

What are the two divisions of the stomach in birds

A

Proventriculus and the gizzard

97
Q

What is the proventriculus

A

Glandular stomach which is the site of chemical digestion. Low pH

98
Q

What is the gizzard

A

Muscular stomach, grinding of food such as bones seeds or scales. Some species ingest grit to improve mechanical digestion

99
Q

Describe the small intestine of a bird

A

Digestion, absorption, length. depends on diet short for carnivores and fruit eaters but long for seed eaters. Pancreas add digestive enzymes and bicarbonate.

100
Q

What are the caecae

A

Paired sacs at junction of si and li. Present in some species. Function in water reabsorption and cellulose digestion

101
Q

Describe the large intestine

A

Reabsorption of minerals and water

102
Q

Describe the cloaca

A

Muted are released out vent

103
Q

Describe the integumentary system for reptiles

A

Adaptation for dry environment: epidermis forms keratinized scales and horny plates called scutes. Claws. Some species went back to the water so have evolved aquatic adaptations such as webbed feet.

104
Q

What is ecdysis

A

Shedding skin. Done 2-4 times per year depending on nutrition, age. Etc. Prior to shedding color gets dull and eye caps opaque. Important that scale over eyes are shed. Can lead to infection/scratched eyes.

105
Q

What is dysecdysis

A

Difficulty shedding. Can be due to low humidity.. Parasites etc

106
Q

What are the three distinct skull types

A

Anapsid, synapsid, diapsid

107
Q

What is anapsid

A

Lack temporal fenestrae - chelonians

108
Q

What is synapsid

A

Temporal fenestrae pair. - mammals

109
Q

What is diapsid

A

2 temporal fenestrae pair. Non chelonian reptiles including birds.

110
Q

Describe the skeletal system of a snake

A

Composed of complex skull, vertebrae, and 150+ ribs,. Mandibles held together by ligaments not fused highly mobile jaw to assist in feeding

111
Q

Describe the chelonian skeletal system

A

Shell composed Bone covered in scutes. Carapace is the dorsal and plasTron is the ventral. Vertebrae and ribs fused into shell. Locking teeth, I have a Horty beak.

Anatomy And Physiology 2 (12 decks)

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