Component 2: Patient Assessment Flashcards

This deck will review history taking, assessment, vital signs, growth/development, anatomical terms. (63 cards)

1
Q

What is the term used when addressing newborns and what is their age grouping?

A

Newborns are commonly called neonates until they’ve aged to one month.

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2
Q

What is the term used when addressing children aging from 1 month to 1 year or 12 months of age?

A

infant(s)

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3
Q

What is the age grouping for toddlers?

A

1 to 3 years of age

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4
Q

What do we call children within the age group of 3 to 6 years?

A

preschool age

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5
Q

The adolescent age group is considered to be from the ages 12 to 18 years. What age group comes before adolescents, and what is the typical age range?

A

school-age (6 to 12 years old)

Some sources may vary slightly, but EMS and NREMT standards typically define school-age as 6–12 and adolescents as 12–18 years old.

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6
Q

What is the term used when identifying with the age group of 41 to 60?

A

middle adult

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7
Q

At what age group do the individual vital signs start to compare to adults?

A

adolescent(s) (12 to 18 years old)

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8
Q

What age group has basic language skills?

A

3 to 4-year-old

They will be talking and comprehending sentences and structure.

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9
Q

True or False:

School-age children are most susceptible to peer pressure.

A

False

Adolescents are more susceptible, although they may be more susceptible at a younger age depending on the socialization of the child.

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10
Q

True or False:

Adolescents will always provide truthful answers when being interviewed with their parents present.

A

False

Adolescents may withhold honest responses in front of parents, especially about sensitive issues like sex, drugs, or mental health.

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11
Q

Differentiate pre-conventional reasoning, conventional reasoning, and post-conventional reasoning in school-age children.

A
  • Pre-conventional reasoning: the school-age child will act to prevent punishment or receive a reward.
  • Conventional reasoning: the school-age child will look to approval from their peers and surroundings.
  • Post-conventional reasoning: the school-age child will make choices based on their conscience.
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12
Q

In which age group does the psychosocial need to “settle down” set in?

A

early adults (19 to 40 years)

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13
Q

In what age group do the effects of menopause begin?

A

middle adults (41 to 60)

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14
Q

How often should vital signs be assessed for the unstable patient?

A

5 minutes (and document them)

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15
Q

What is the term used for the first set of vital signs assessed?

A

baseline vitals

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16
Q

What are we evaluating after taking multiple sets of vital signs?

A

patient trending

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17
Q

When calculating a patient’s respiratory rate, what should be done?

A. Count the respirations for a minute.

B. Count the respirations for 30 seconds and multiple by two. (RR X 2 = RR per minute)

C. Count the respirations for 15 seconds and multiple by four. (RR X 4 = RR per minute)

D. All of the above.

A

D. All of the above.

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18
Q

List six signs we evaluate when assessing breathing.

A
  1. Presence of breathing
  2. Respiratory rate
  3. Rhythm, regular or irregular
  4. Quality (difficulty/effort)
  5. Depth of breathing
  6. Lung sounds
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19
Q

What is bradypnea in adults?

A

It is a respiratory rate below 12 breaths per minute in adults, often due to neurological issues, medication effects, or metabolic disturbances.

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20
Q

What is the average pulse range for adults?

A

60 to 100 beats per minute

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21
Q

What are the pulse points?

A
  • Carotid
  • Radial
  • Femoral
  • Dorsal pedal/posterior tibial
  • Popliteal
  • Apical
  • Brachial
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22
Q

List palpating pulse characteristics.

A
  • The presence of a pulse
  • Rate (slow, normal, fast)
  • Regularity (regular or irregular)
  • Quality (strong, weak, thready)
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23
Q

Fill in the blank:

Upon auscultating the patient’s lung sounds, you hear a low, course, rattle. This lung sound is known as ___________.

A

rhonchi

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24
Q

Differentiate systolic and diastolic.

A
  • Systolic: the pressure exerted against the vasculature during contraction.
  • Diastolic: the pressure exerted against the vasculature during relaxation.
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25
# Define: blood pressure
It is the presence of **pressure exerted against the vasculature** during cardiac cycles.
26
What is the name for a **blood pressure cuff**?
sphygmomanometer
27
# True or False: An inappropriate-sized, or inaccurately placed blood pressure cuff will cause an inaccurate blood pressure reading.
True ## Footnote A cuff that is too small can give falsely high readings; too large can give falsely low readings.
28
What **decisions** should be made **after you have evaluated** the patient's level of consciousness, airway, breathing, circulation, and vital signs?
Stating a **field impression** of the patient and **transport decision**.
29
When providing care for a patient suffering from **multiple systems trauma**, what **type of history** should we attempt to obtain?
**SAMPLE** history
30
What does the acronym **SAMPLE** mean?
**S**igns/symptoms **A**llergies **M**edications **P**ast pertinent medical history **L**ast oral intakeWhen appropriate **E**vents leading up to the current situation/complaint ## Footnote If applicable (e.g., abdominal pain in females), include last menstrual period (LMP) under “Last oral intake.”
31
When performing a **physical assessment**, what does the mnemonic **DCAP - BTLS** mean?
**D**eformity **C**ontusions **A**brasion(s) **P**uncture(s)/penetrations **B**urns **T**enderness **L**acerations **S**welling
32
When assessing a **patient's pupils**, what does the mnemonic **PEARRL** mean?
**P**upils **E**qual **A**nd **R**ound **R**egular in size React to **L**ight
33
# Define: Anisocoria
It means **unequal pupils**.
34
**Differentiate** sign(s) and symptom(s).
* **Signs** are something seen (diaphoresis, angulated fractures, etc...) * **Symptoms** are patient complaints ("I have chest pain." "My belly hurts." etc...)
35
What does the mnemonic **AVPU** stand for and when is it used?
**A**lert: patient is awake and responsive **V**erbal: responds to verbal stimuli **P**ain: responds only to painful stimuli **U**nresponsive: no response to any stimulus ## Footnote Used for rapid assessment of consciousness in the primary assessment.
36
List **five** steps included in the **scene size-up**?
1. Determines scene/situation is safe. 2. Determines the mechanism of injury/nature of illness. 3. Determines the number of patients. 4. Requests additional EMS assistance if necessary. 5. Considers stabilization of the cervical spine.
37
What does the letter **"R"** stand for in the **OPQRST** mnemonic?
radiation ## Footnote "Does your pain/discomfort move or go anywhere?"
38
What **question** is frequently asked when assessing the patient's **severity of pain** or **discomfort**?
"On a *scale of 1 to 10*, one being no or very little pain and ten being the worst pain or discomfort you have ever experienced, what number would you **rate** your **pain** at?" | (OPQRST)
39
# True or False: After providing medication or treatment for your patient, it is imperative to reassess.
True ## Footnote Reassessment verifies the effectiveness of interventions and identifies changes in the patient’s condition.
40
# Fill in the blank. According to the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), a score of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ or less suggests severe neurologic compromise and may indicate the need for airway management.
8
41
List the **four** common assessments for assessing a patient's **neurovascular system**.
* distal pulse * capillary refill * sensation * motor function
42
# Describe: Subcutaneous Emphysema
It is when **air leaks underneath the skin and upon palpation**, feels like "rice crispies" crackling.
43
# True or False: The patient is complaining of abdominal pain. Upon palpation of the abdomen, we should start over the quadrant that the patient's complaint is in.
False ## Footnote Always begin palpation in a non-painful quadrant and move toward the painful area last to avoid guarding or missing key findings.
44
What do the following abbreviations stand for? * LUQ * RUQ * LLQ * RLQ
* LUQ - Left Upper Quadrant * RUQ - Right Upper Quadrant * LLQ - Left Lower Quadrant * RLQ - Right Lower Quadrant
45
List **signs** of dyspnea/difficulty breathing.
* Cyanosis * Tripod position * Accessory muscle use/retractions * Altered mentation * Diaphoresis * Altered respiratory patterns/rate * Decrease tidal volume
46
At what **angle** should the patient be seated when assessing for **jugular venous distention**? | (JVD)
450 (Semi-Fowlers)
47
What is the **term** for the position this body is in?
prone
48
What is the **term** for the position the image of the body is in?
**Left lateral recumbent**, also called the recovery position.
49
What gaseous waste or bi-product is **exhaled** during **expiration**?
carbon dioxide | (CO2)
50
# Define: cyanosis
It is the **bluish-gray skin discoloration** that results from too little oxygen (O2) circulating in the blood. It can be seen on nail beds, around the mouth (perioral area), and the conjunctiva.
51
# Describe: diaphoresis
It is when the patient presents with **excessive sweating**.
52
What is an **injury** called that **prevents a patient from feeling or noticing** any other injuries, possibly ones that are more critical?
distracting injury
53
What is being assessed when we are performing a **focused assessment**?
It is when we focus our attention on the **patient's chief complaint**, single body part, or system.
54
**Differentiate** hypothermia and hyperthermia.
* **Hypothermia** occurs when the body is exposed to cold and you **lose more heat than the body can produce**. *Typically a core body temperature below 950 F. (350 C*). * **Hyperthermia** occurs when the body is exposed to heat and starts to **lose its cooling mechanisms**. *Typically a core* *body temperature above 1040F (400C).*
55
# Describe: **Jaundice** and what is the cause?
It is yellow skin and/or **sclera discoloration** caused by **decreased or damaged liver function**.
56
During your **General Impression** of the patient, you note that they are seated in a tripod position and using accessory muscles. What information can you take away from this **patient presentation**?
The patient is having difficulty and/or labored breathing.
57
# Define: palpate
It is to perform a physical **assessment by touch** (hands-on).
58
What do the acronyms **MOI** and **NOI** stand for?
* MOI: **Mechanism of Injury** * NOI: **Nature of Illness**
59
What are **negative findings** that require no interventions or treatment called?
pertinent negatives ## Footnote Example: Asking a patient complaining of chest pain if they are nauseous.
60
What is an **assessment tool** we use to measure the **oxygen (O2) of hemoglobin called**?
pulse oximetry
61
What action is to be done **before** performing a **scene size-up**?
Don the appropriate **Personal Protective Equipment** precautions. | (PPE)
62
# True or False: Performing a physical or secondary assessment on a patient before accessing their airway, breathing, and circulation (ABC's Primary Assessment) is medically acceptable.
False ## Footnote The primary assessment (ABCs) must always be performed first to identify and manage life threats before continuing with a physical exam.
63
# True or False: Every trauma patient is a medical patient, and every medical patient is a trauma patient until determined otherwise.
True ## Footnote This saying encourages EMTs to remain alert to overlapping medical and trauma issues until a full assessment rules one out.