Cortical Lesions

Question 1

What parts of the brain are linked for normal function of human emotions?

Answer 1

• hippocampus
• parahippocampal gyrus
• cingulate gyrus
• anterior nucleus of the thalamus
• mammillary bodies
• fornix

Question 2

The ____ is specialized for mediating the prosody of speech.

Answer 2

right frontal hemisphere

Question 3

This is impaired auditory comprehension due to a lesion in the posterior region of the L superior temporal gyrus.

Answer 3

Wernicke’s aphasia

Question 4

This is a critical domain that involves the capacity to plan, carry out, and monitor a sequential goal-directed action.

Answer 4

executive function

Question 5

What is the hippocampus for?

Answer 5

new learning and memories

Question 6

What are the functions of the frontal lobe?

Answer 6

• voluntary mvmt
• language fluency (L)
• motor prosody (R)
• comportment
• executive function
• motivation

Question 7

What lesion can cause disinhibition?

Answer 7

orbitofrontal lesions

Question 8

What are the 3 major nonlinguistic syndromes relating to specific areas of damage in the prefrontal cortex?

Answer 8

1. disinhibition
2. apathy
3. executive dysfunction

Question 9

What can an orbitofrontal lesion cause?

Answer 9

disinhibition

Question 10

What does a lesion in the posterior region of the L superior gyrus cause?

Answer 10

Wernicke’s aphasia

Question 11

What is apraxia?

Answer 11

An impairment of learned motor activity

Question 12

What lesion can cause hemineglect?

Answer 12

a parietal lobe lesion

Question 13

What is the major artery supplying the cerebral cortex?

Answer 13

the middle cerebral artery (MCA)

Question 14

A lesion in ______ causes executive dysfunction.

Answer 14

dorsolateral prefrontal lesions

Question 15

This is an impairment of learned motor activity.

Answer 15

apraxia

Question 16

A lesion to what part of the brain can cause visual agnosia?

Answer 16

the occipital lobe

Question 17

Name the lobe:

• voluntary mvmt
• language fluency (L)
• motor prosody (R)
• comportment
• executive function
• motivation

Answer 17

frontal lobe

Question 18

What is disinhibition?

Answer 18

inability to integrate limbic drives into appropriate behavioral responses –> irritability, loss of empathy, impulsivity, hypersexuality, hyperphagia, violence

Question 19

This is the inability to integrate limbic drives into appropriate behavioral responses –> irritability, loss of empathy, impulsivity, hypersexuality, hyperphagia, violence.

Answer 19

disinhibition

Question 20

This is an acquired disorder of writing, often seen with aphasia and other neurobehavioral syndromes.

Answer 20

Agraphia

Question 21

What is perseveration?

Answer 21

the failure to alter one’s actions in response to changing environmental stimuli

Question 22

What are the functions of the parietal lobe?

Answer 22

• tactile sensation
• visuospatial function (R)
• attention (R)
• reading (L)
• writing (L)
• calculation (L)

Question 23

What is amnesia?

Answer 23

An acquired disorder of memory, implying an impairment of new learning

Question 24

This is a rapidly evolving disorder of attention.

Answer 24

an acute confusional state

Question 25

What is hemineglect?

Answer 25

inattention to one side of the body or extrapersonal space

Question 26

What causes a lesion of the R hemisphere analog of Wernicke's area?

Answer 26

sensory aprosody

Question 27

Where is Wernicke's area located? Which Broadmann's area is it?

Answer 27

left superior temporal gyrus; Brodmann's area 22

Question 28

What is motor aprosody?

Answer 28

the inability to inflect speech with emotion

Question 29

How many layers are in the neocortex?

Answer 29

6

Question 30

Name the lobe: * language comprehension (L) * sensory prosody (R) * memory * emotion

Answer 30

temporal lobe

Question 31

What is executive function?

Answer 31

a critical domain that involves the capacity to plan, carry out, and monitor a sequential goal-directed action

Question 32

What is visual agnosia?

Answer 32

ability to see an image but can't recognize it

Question 33

This is located in in the L frontal lobe and is Brodmann's area 45.

Answer 33

Broca's area

Question 34

This is a failure of recognition through one sensory modality; visual, auditory, and tactile agnosias have been described.

Answer 34

Agnosia

Question 35

This is the failure to alter one's actions in response to changing environmental stimuli.

Answer 35

perseveration

Question 36

What happens with bilateral hippocampal resection?

Answer 36

permanent amnesia

Question 37

How many layers are in the allocortex? What does it consist of? What are these brain areas important for?

Answer 37

* 3 * the hippocampus and temporal lobe * memory

Question 38

This is inattention to one side of the body or extrapersonal space.

Answer 38

hemineglect

Question 39

What is Agnosia?

Answer 39

A failure of recognition through one sensory modality; visual, auditory, and tactile agnosias have been described.

Question 40

How thick is the cerebral cortex? How many layers does it consist of?

Answer 40

3mm; 6 layers

Question 41

What is mediated by the limbic system?

Answer 41

the 4 Fs: * fighting * fleeing * feeding * F-ing

Question 42

This is a loss of motivation and erosion of initiative .

Answer 42

apathy

Question 43

Apathy is caused by _____ lesions.

Answer 43

medial frontal

Question 44

What do dorsolateral prefrontal lesions sometimes cause?

Answer 44

executive dysfunction

Question 45

Name the lobe: * vision * vision perception * visual recognition

Answer 45

occipital lobe

Question 46

This is the inability to inflect speech with emotion.

Answer 46

motor aprosody

Question 47

What does a medial frontal lesion cause?

Answer 47

apathy

Question 48

A lesion in the left occipital lobe and splenium of the corpus callosum can cause?

Answer 48

pure alexia

Question 49

This is the impaired ability to identify objects by name; a synonym is dysnomia.

Answer 49

anomia

Question 50

What is Agraphia?

Answer 50

An acquired disorder of writing, often seen with aphasia and other neurobehavioral syndromes.

Question 51

This is a pt can write but can not read due to a lesion in the left occipital lobe and splenium of the corpus callosum.

Answer 51

pure alexia

Question 52

What is anomia?

Answer 52

Impaired ability to identify objects by name; a synonym is dysnomia

Question 53

This is the inability to maintain a coherent line of thought despite adequate arousal and language function.

Answer 53

confusion

Question 54

What is Wernicke's aphasia?

Answer 54

impaired auditory comprehension due to a lesion in the posterior region of the L superior temporal gyrus

Question 55

What are the functions of the temporal lobe?

Answer 55

* language comprehension (L) * sensory prosody (R) * memory * emotion

Question 56

What is apathy?

Answer 56

loss of motivation and erosion of initiative

Question 57

What are the functions of the occipital lobe?

Answer 57

* vision * vision perception * visual recognition

Question 58

What is an acute confusional state?

Answer 58

A rapidly evolving disorder of attention

Question 59

Where is Broca's area? Which Brodmann's area is it?

Answer 59

* in the L frontal lobe * Brodmann's area 45

Question 60

What is the ability to see an image but can't recognize it called?

Answer 60

visual agnosia

Question 61

What is pure alexia?

Answer 61

pt can write but can not read due to a lesion in the left occipital lobe and splenium of the corpus callosum

Question 62

Name the lobe: * tactile sensation * visuospatial function (R) * attention (R) * reading (L) * writing (L) * calculation (L)

Answer 62

the parietal lobe

Question 63

This is an acquired disorder of memory, implying an impairment of new learning.

Answer 63

amnesia