Cytology & Basic Genetics 1 Flashcards
(106 cards)
1
Q
What is reproduction
A
Formation of new cells or production of a new individual
2
Q
Physiology
A
How the body works
3
Q
Differentiation
A
Development into a specalised state
4
Q
Pathology
A
Abnormalities from normal function
5
Q
What does growth mean
A
Incase in size or increase in number
6
Q
What does metabolism mean
A
Sum of all chemical processes in the body
7
Q
What does movement mean
A
Movement of the whole orgamism or individual cells
8
Q
Another word for Life Force
A
Life force or qi
9
Q
What does responsiveness mean?
A
Ability to respond to changes in the environment
10
Q
4 characteristics of death
A
Lack of pulse
Lace of breath
No life force
No brain function
11
Q
Define homeostasis
A
equilibrium or balance) in the body’s internal environment maintained
by the body’s regulatory processes.
12
Q
4 variables for homeostasis
A
Temperature
pH
Blood glucose
Water /electrolyte balance
Temperature
Blood pressure
O2 / Co2 levels
13
Q
What fluid is found inside of cells
A
Intracellular
14
Q
What fluid is found outside of cells
A
Extracellular
15
Q
What fluid is found between cells
A
interstitial fluid
16
Q
4 control variables of homeostasis
A
Disruptors - change parameters
Detectors - detect disruption
Control centres - determines limits
Effectors - receives output
17
Q
What is the purpose of positive feedback?
A
Strengthens change
18
Q
What is the purpose of negative feedback?
A
Output reverses the input
19
Q
2 examples of positive feedback
A
Childbirth
Milk production
Immunity
Blood clotting
20
Q
2 examples of negative feedback
A
Body temperature
Blood glucose
Blood pressure
21
Q
Name 4 body cavities
A
Crainial
Thoracic
Abdominal
Pelvic
22
Q
Groups of cells that work together to perform a function
A
Tissues
23
Q
Related organs that have a common function
A
Systems
24
Q
Smallest living unit in the body
A
Cell
25
Groups of tissues working together to perform a specific function
Organs
26
Briefly explain cell theory
living things are made of cells and vital force
Cell is the structual unit of living things
All cells come from pre-existing cells
27
Relationship between cell memory and vital force
Cells have the ability to remember experiences which influence our vital force
28
3 factors that stagnate energy in the body
dietary choices,
lifestyle influences,
drugs
exposure to harmful substance
29
3 heavy metals that accumulate in the body
Aluminium
Lead
Mercury
30
Which disease has aluminium toxicity been linked to
Alzheimer’s
31
What is meant by oxidative stress
Damage to cell structures and can even cause genetic mutations
32
How does an antioxidant work?
Free radicals (oxygen molecules that cause oxidative stress) lack an electron which can be donated by antioxidants.
33
Name two antioxidants
Vitamin C, E and beta-carotene
34
Cell with a nucleus
Eukaryotic
35
Cell without a nucleus
Prokaryotic
36
Compare Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells
Prokaryotic
No nucleus
Cell wall
Smaller
Divide by binary fission
Example bacteria
Eukaryotic cells
Nucleus
Only fungi and plants have a cell wall
Bigger
Mitosis
Human cells
37
Basic watery fluid inside a cell
cytosol
38
Membrane surrounding the cell
cell wall / membrane
39
What is an organelle?
Small, specalised structures within a cell
40
What is cytoplasm
Cell content excluding the nucleus
41
Where do we find the phospholipid bilayer
In the cell membrane
42
Why is the cell membrane semi-permeable?
To control movement in and out of the cell
43
Which are the lipids and which are the phosphates
Lipids on the inside
Phosphates on the outside
44
Explain hydrophobic and hydrophillic
phobic - water hating
philic - water loving
45
Which part of the phospholipid bilayer are hydrophobic and hydrophilic
phobic lipids are on the inside
46
3 functions of transmembrane proteins
Transport of substances - glucose
Immunological markers
Receptors
47
What is the name of a molecule with an electric charge?
ion
48
1 type of fat found in the cell membrane
cholesterol.
49
Difference between tight junctions and gap junctions
Transmembrane proteins fuse cells together to fuse off passageways - found in stomach intenstines and bladder
Gap junctions - fluid filled tunnels between cells
50
What is the role of a nucleus
Contains the body's genetic info in the form of DNA
51
What does DNA stand for?
deoxyribonucleic acid
52
What does RNA stand for?
ribonucleic acid
53
What are genes?
Sub-sections of DNA that act as instructions to make proteins
54
Main function of the nuclear pore
Substance movement
55
Specific role of mitochondria?
Cell powerhouses that generate ATP
56
What shape are mitochondria
Bean shaped
57
Which cells contain the most mitochondria
Muscle cells including the heart
58
What type of respiration is mainly used by mitochondria
aerobic
59
Aerobic respiration equasion
(Glucose) + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + ATP
60
Most important role of ribosomes?
To make protein
61
Difference between mobile and stationary ribosomes
Free - make protein for inside the cell
Stationary are within the rough Endoplasmic reticulum and make protein for outside of the cell
62
Role of rough endoplasmic reticulum
Synthesises and transports proteins.
63
Role of Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Synthesises lipids and steroid
hormones,
64
Role of Golgi Apparatus
Packages and transports proteins from the rough ER
65
How do lysosomes contribute to the cell?
Cell digestion
Recycle worn-out cells
66
Define Chromosome
thread-like structures of nucleic acids and protein
found in the nucleus
Contain genetic info in the form of genes
67
How many chromosomes in a somatic cell?
46
68
Which sex defines the XY on the 23rd pair of chromosomes
Male
69
Main role of genes
Sub sections of DNA that act as instructions to make proteins
70
What happens during transcription?
A copy of one gene is made in to mRNA
71
What happens during translation?
The ribosome reads the
code and produces a chain of amino
acids to form the required protein.
72
What is meant by mutation
A change in the DNA sequence
73
2 mutagenic agents
Smoking
Radiation
Vaccines
74
Difference between somatic cells and gametes
Somatic cells reproduce by mitosis - 36 chromosomes
Gametes reproduce by myosis - 23 chromosomes
75
What is a zygote
A diploid cell which has 23 chromosomes from each parent
76
How does a zygote develop into an embryo?
Mitosis
77
Differences between mitosis and meiosis
Mitosis
1 division
2 daughter cells
46 chromosomes per daughter
Diploid
Identical
Cell grown and repair
Meiosis
2 divisions
4 daughter cells
23 chromosomes
Haploid
Non-identical
Reproduction
78
Can mutations in somatic cells be inherited
No. Only mutations in gametes.
79
2 differences between active and passive transport
Passive - high to low concentration
No energy
Active - low to high concentration
With energy
80
List 3 types of passive transport
Diffusion - gasses such as oxygen
Osmosis - movement of water
Facilitated diffusion - help of transmembrane proteins
81
List 3 types of active transport
Pumps - sodium-potassium pump
Endocytosis - engulfing particles through cell membrane extensions
Exocytosis - removal of waste
All require ATP
82
Which type of transport for glucose
Facilitated diffusion
83
Explain endocytosis
Engulfing particles through cell membrane extensions
84
Explain phagocytosis
cell eating for solids
85
Explain Pinocytosis
cell drinking for liquids
86
Explain exocytosis
Removal of waste
Material fuses with the cell membrane before being removed
87
Explain epithelial tissue
Covering tissue where cell are closely packed together
Provides a protective barrier for protection and secretion of substances
88
2 areas where you'll find epithelial tissue
GIT
Skin
Heart
Lungs
Urinary tract
89
Difference between exocrine and endocrine glands
Exocrine - excrete their products into ducts
Endocrine - diffuse hormones into blood
90
3 Locations of connective tissue
Bone
Cartilage and
blood
91
2 basic elements of connective tissue
Extracellular matrix
Cells
92
Compare collagen and elastic fibres
Collagen
Strong
Especially in bone, ligaments and tendons
parallel bundles
Elastic
smaller diameter
strong but stretchy
skin & blood vessel walls
93
What are adipocytes
Connective tissue cells that store fat
94
What are lymphocytes
white blood cells that produce antibodies
95
What are macrophages
White blood cells that phagocytose (engulf) debris and pathogens
96
What are fibroblasts
make collagen and elastin fibres for repair and healing
97
5 functions of connective tissue
1. Structural
2. Transport nutrients and wastes (blood).
3. Protection
4. Support and interconnection (tendons, ligaments, etc.).
5. Insulation (adipose tissue).
6. Energy store.
7. Production of blood and lymphatic cells
8. Defence and repair
98
4 types of membrane in the body
1.Cutaneous membrane (the skin).
2.Mucous membrane.
3.Serous membrane.
4.Synovial membrane.
99
What is the difference between synovial and other types of membrane?
Line the cavities of freely moveable joints
100
Which membrane is associated with skin?
Cutaneous
101
Mucus membrane key facts
Line hollow organs
digestive, respiratory and genito-urinary
tracts.
Secrete enzymes - mucus from goblet cells
Protect
Trap
102
Does a serous membrane line a body cavity that opens to the exterior?
NO
103
3 Areas where serous membrane are found?
1. Pericardium
2. Pleura
3. Peritoneum
104
2 layers of serous membrane
1. Inner ‘visceral layer’ — surrounds organs.
2. Outer ‘parietal layer’ — lines a cavity.
105
Main function of serous fluid
Organ to glide freely without friction
106
What is the purpose of synovial fluid?
lubricates and nourishes the
moveable joint cavities which it bathes.
