Skeletal System 2 Flashcards
(142 cards)
1
Q
Explain Anatomical Position
A
Person stands erect
Palms forward
Feet parallel, flat on the floor
Arms to the side of the body
2
Q
Supine
A
Body lying face up
3
Q
Prone
A
Body lying face down
4
Q
Distal
A
Further from trunk
5
Q
Unilateral
A
one side
6
Q
Medial
A
Neaer the midline
7
Q
Bilateral
A
Both sides
8
Q
Proximal
A
Nearer trunk
9
Q
Contralateral
A
On the opposite side
10
Q
Ipsilateral
A
On the same side
11
Q
Lateral
A
Away from the midline
12
Q
Anterior / ventral
A
Nearer to the front
13
Q
Inferior
A
Towards the bottom
14
Q
Posterior
A
Nearer the back
15
Q
Coronal plane
A
Separating front and back
16
Q
Sagittal
A
Separating right and left
17
Q
Horizontal
A
Separating top and bottom
18
Q
4 functions of human skeleton
A
Movement
Supportive framework
Attachment for muscles
Boundries (skull)
19
Q
Osteogenic
A
Only bone cell to undergo division
20
Q
Osteoclasts
A
Huge cells derived from a fusion of as many as 50 monocytes
21
Q
Osteoblasts
A
Bone building cells.
Synthesise and secrete collagen and other components of bony matrix
22
Q
Osteocytes
A
Mature bone cells
Maintain daily metabolism of bone such as nutrient and waste exhcange
23
Q
Which bone cell can transform to an osteocyte
A
Osteoblasts
24
Q
3 features of compact bone
A
Few spaces
Structural unit is an osteon
Found beneath the peristeum of all bones
25
How much of the skeleton is compact bone
80%
26
Where is compact bone located
Beneath peristeum
Bulk of diaphysis in long bones
27
Structural unit of a compact bone
Osteon
28
Haversian canal
Contains blood vessels and nerves
29
Lamellae
Concentric rings of calcified extracellular matrix containing minerals and collagen
30
Lacunae
Small spaces between lamellae
Contain osteocytes
31
Canaliculi
Mini system of inter connected canals that provide a route for nutrients and waste
32
2 features of spongy bone
Does not contain osteons
Consists of irregular lattice of thing columns called trabeculae
33
What are the columns in spongy bone called
Trabeculae
34
Why is Spongy bone always covered in a layer of compact bone
For strength and stability
35
Epiphysis
heads of a long bone - proximal and distal
36
Diaphysis
Shaft of a long bone
37
2 examples of long bones
Femur, tibia, humerus
38
Epiphyseal plate
Layer of hyaline cartilage that allows the diaphysis of a bone to grow in length
39
Long bones inner spongy bones contain
red bone marrow
40
What is the diaphysis of of a long bone covered by
Periosteum
41
What colour bone marrow is in the diaphysis of a long bone
yellow bone marrow
42
3 functions of periosteum
Pain sensitive
Highly vascular
Attachment for ligaments and tendons
43
Difference between inner and outer layers of periosteum
Tough outer fibrous layer
Osteogenic (bone forming) inner
44
Compact bone examples
Carpels
45
4 Function of skeleton
Supports framework for the body.
* Forms boundaries (skull).
* Attachment for muscles and tendons.
* Permits movement (joints).
* Haematopoiesis
* Mineral homeostasis (mostly calcium and phosphate).
* Triglyceride storage (yellow bone marrow).
46
Most abundant mineral in bone
calcium phosphate.
47
4 minerals found in bones
calcium phosphate
magnesium,
sulphate,
potassium.
48
Short bone examples
Carpals, tarsals
49
Irregular bone example 1
Vertebrae
50
Flat bone examples
Skull, scapula
51
Sesamoid bone example 1
Patella (kneecap)
52
Difference between Intromembranous & Endochondral ossification
Intramembranous - bone develops from connective sheets
Endochondral - replacing hyaline cartilage
53
Which bone grows lengthwise
Long bone
54
2 factors that influence bones as they grow in thickness
Physical stress
Muscle activity
Weight
55
Role of epiphyseal plate
Layer of hyaline cartilage where osteoblasts are produced
56
2 hormones that promote osteoblast activity
Growth hormone
Thyroid hormone
Oestrogen
Testosterone
Calcitonin
57
2 hormones that promote osteoclast activity
Parathyroid hormone
Cortisol
58
2 glands in the body that regulate calcium exchange
Parathyroid
Thyroid
59
Reduction in blood calcium
Hypocalcaemia
Osteoclasts break down bone and release calcium into blood
60
Increase in blood calcium
hypercalcaemia
Increase osteoblast activity
(takes calcium back into the bone)
61
Vitamin D role in calcium regulation
Facilitates calcium absorption in the intestines
Directly involved in bone turnover
62
Vitamin K2 role in calcium regulation
Works closely with vitamin D
K2 activates a protein called osteocalcin which controls utilisation of calcium in the body
63
Magnesium in calcium regulation
Co-factor needed for conversion of vitamin D in the body
64
factors that contribute to Vitamin D deficiency
Low sun exposure
Reduced dietary absorsion
High alcohol
65
Best type of exercise for bone building
Weight bearing
66
How does weight bearing exercise help build healthy bones
Mechanical stress leads to increase mineral disposition
Increased collagen production
67
Difference between axial and appendicular skeleton
Axial - central skeleton of 60 bones
Appendicular - 126 bones supporting extremities / limbs
68
4 components of axial skeleton
Skull,
Hyoid bone
Rib cage
Vertebral column
69
How skull bones are joined together
Fibrous joints
70
2 functions of vertebral column
Protection for spinal chord
Movement
Forms axis of the trunk
71
Role of intervertebral discs
Shock absorbing
Separate individual vertebrae
72
When is intervertebral most hydrated
Morning
73
4 area of appendicular skeleton
Shoulder girdle
Arm & hand
Pelvic girdle
Leg & foot
74
2 bones shoulder girdle
Clavicle and scapula
75
Arm bones
Carpals, metacarpals & phalanges
76
Pelvic girdle bones
Hip bone, sacrum, coccyx
77
Longest & strongest bone in the body
femur
78
How are muscles attached to bones
By skeletal muscles
Skeletal muscles are then usually attached by tendons
79
What are tendons
Tough fibrous structures
80
Role of a join
Connect two bony structures and permit movement
81
2 joins with no or limited movement
Fibrous joints
Structures of the skull
82
How synovial joins obtain nutrients
Diffusion from joint movement
83
1 ball & socket joint
Shoulder
Hip
84
1 hinge joint
Elbow
Knee
85
Main role of bursae
Reduce friction
86
What is a bursae
Closed fluid filled sac-like structure
87
2 locations of bursae
Skin & bone
Muscle & bone
Ligament & Bone
88
Flexion
Decrease in angle
89
Extension
Increase in angle
90
Rotation
Movement around longditudinal axis
91
Lateral flexion
Movement of the trunk away from midline
92
Abduction
Movement away from midline
93
Adduction
Movement towards the midline
94
Circumduction
Circular movement
95
Elevation
Superior movement up
96
Depression
Inferior movement down
97
Protraction
Anterior movement fowards
98
Retraction
Posterior movement backwards
99
Inversion
Medial movement of sole - turn in
100
Eversion
Lateral movement of the sole turn out
101
Dorsiflexion
Bending foot up
102
Plantar Flexion
Bending foot down
103
Supronation
Movement of forearm to turn palm up
104
Pronation
Movement of forearm to turn palm posterorly
105
Opposition
Movement of the thumb accross palm to touch fingertips
106
2 causes of fractures
Trauma
Low bone density
Vitamin D deficiency
107
4 stages of fracture repair
1. Haemamtoma & inflammation
2. Fibracatilaginous callus formation
3. Bony callus forms - osteoclasts replace soft callus with new bone
4. Bone remodelling osteoblasts reshape new bone
108
What happens during a sprain
Trauman that forces a joint beyond its normal range
109
RICE
Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation
110
Kyphosis
Natural shape of the spine to help distribute forces
111
Lordosis
Increased concavity of spine
112
Scoliosis
S shaped curve to the spine
113
Subluxation
Incomplete or partial joint dislocation
114
Dislocation
Complete separation of 2 bones
115
What happens in Osteomalacia and rickets
Inadequate mineralisation of bone matrix
116
Osteomalacia and rickets difference
Osteomalacia - adolescents and adults
Rickets - prior to epiphyseal plate closure
117
Osteoporosis
Chronic, progressive thinning of bone 'porous bone'
118
Test for osteoporosis
DXA scan - score lower than -2.5
119
3 Risk factors of osteoporosis
Increasing age
Female, post menopausal
Poor diet
DIT diseases
120
Why would low stomach acid contribute to osteoporosis
Poor digestion and absorption
121
Why would a menopausal women be at increased risk of developing osteoporosis
Lower oestrogen
Oestrogen helps to surpress osteoclast activity
122
2 signs / symptons of osteoporosis
A symptomatic until trauma
Pain from prolonged standing or sitting
123
Osteoarthritis
Degenerative wear and tear of articular cartilage
124
Rheumatoid Arthritis
AI inflammation of synovium potentially effecting all organs
125
Osteoarthritis pathophysiology
Gradual onset
Predisposing factors - congenial, ill-development
Trauma
126
Type of join affected by Osteoarthritis v Rheumatoid Arthritis
OA - larger, weight bearing joints
RA - Any synovial joint - usually starts in fingers
127
Age of onset OA v RA
OA 50+
RA - 30-50
128
Risk factors of RA
Genetic markers
Infectious agents - EBV & rubella
Abnormal intestinal permiability - SIBO
129
Blood tests for RA
Raised ESR & CRP
Rheumatoid factor
130
RA main symptoms
Bilateral joint pain affecting small joints
Deformation - swan neck fingers
Systemic symptoms - weight loss, fatigue
131
OA main symptoms
Gradual onset on weight bearing joints
Morning stiffness
Worse in evening
Osteophyte / bone spurs
132
OA Eburnation meaning
Subchondral bone becomes hard and glossy
133
OA Osteophytes meaning
Compensatory bone overgrowth
134
Pathophysiology of gout
monoarthritis
Uric acid crystal depositation in synovial joints
135
2 Causes of gout
Dehydration
Alcohol
Obesity
136
2 purine rich foods
Red meat
Shellfish
137
Excess alcohol can contribute to gout
Competes with uric acid for elimination by kidneys
138
2 signs / symptoms of gout
Red, hot swollen joins,
Shiny skin over joint
Tophi
139
Disc herniation
a herniated disk occurs when some of the nucleus pushes out through a tear in the annulus.
140
Classical injury mechanism in disc herniation
Lumber spine flexion bending and rotation
141
2 nerves compressed by a herniated disc
Spinal nerves
142
2 causes of bursitis
Repetitive use
Sudden trauma
Wear & Tear
Infection
