Endocrine System 9 Flashcards
(107 cards)
1
Q
Describe the function of the endocrine system
A
To coordinate the activity of organs through hormones, chemical messengers.
2
Q
Difference between exocrine and endocrine glands
A
Exocrine - excrete products into ducts
Endocrine - ductless, excrete hormones into blood
3
Q
Name 2 Endocrine glands
A
Pituitary
Adrenals
Thyroid
4
Q
4 Endocrine tissues
A
Heart
GIT
Liver
Placenta
Kidneys
Skin
5
Q
Describe down regulation and give one example
A
Hormones are in excess , target cell receptors may decrease
Puberty
6
Q
Describe up regulation and give one example
A
Hormone deficiency causes and increase in target receptors
7
Q
Difference between receptors for protein-based hormones and lipid hormones
A
Protein based hormone receptors are part of the cell membrane
Lipid based hormone receptors are within cells
8
Q
Compare Autonomic Nervous system and Endocrine system
A
Autonomic
Rapid
Less precise
Duration shorter
Neurotransmitters
Central nervous system
Endocrine
Slower
More precise
Longer
Hormones
Hypothalamus
9
Q
2 ways hormone secretion is regulated
A
- nervous system signals
- Chemical changes in blood
- Other hormones
10
Q
Master endocrine gland
A
Pituitary
11
Q
3 releasing hormones from the hypothalamus
A
TRH - thyrotrophin
CHRH - Growth hormone
CRH corticotrophin
PLRH - Prolactin
GnRH - gonadotrophin
12
Q
2 inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus
A
GHIH - growth
PIH prolacctin (dopamine)
13
Q
2 hormones released from the posterior pituitary gland
A
Oxytocin
antidiuretic - ADH
14
Q
Prolactin target tissue
A
Breasts
15
Q
FSH/LH target tissue
A
Overies & testes
16
Q
MSH target tissue
A
Skin
17
Q
TSH target tissue
A
Thyroid
18
Q
ACTH target tissue
A
Adrenal cortex
19
Q
GH target tissue
A
Most body tissues
20
Q
1 hypothalamic hormone that stimulates release of ACTH & MSH
A
Corticotrophin
21
Q
2 functions of growth hormone
A
regulates metabolism
Promotes growth & division of most body cells
22
Q
2 functions of ACTH
A
Output of steroid hormones eg cortisol
Cirrandian rhythm
23
Q
2 functions of prolactin
A
Stimulates lactation
Prevents pregnancy during lactation
24
Q
2 factors that stimulate the production of growth hormone
A
Nighttime
Exercise
Childhood / adolescence
Hypogycaemia
25
2 factors that influence the production of ACTH
Hightened in the am
Stress
Exercise
26
2 factors that influencer prolactin (not birth)
Suckling
Sleep
Emotional stress
27
when are levels of TSH lowest
early evening
28
when are levels of TSH at their highest
during the night
29
1 function of MSH
role in skin, hair and eye pigmentation
30
2 functions of oxytosin
contracts uterus after childbirth
bonding hormone (cuddle hormone)
31
2 factors (not suckling that stimulate oxytocin production
childbirth (position feedback)
emotional state
32
What is colostrum
First breast fluid that contains water, lactic sugars and antibodies
33
Main function of colostrum
Laxative to encourage bowel movement
34
How does ADH prevent loss of fluid from the body?
Reduces urine output by encouraging reabsorsion of kidneys
Vasocontriction to increase blood pressure
35
1 factor that stimulates production of ADH
Increased osmotic pressure
Reduced fluid intake, thirst, vomiting
36
1 factor that inhibits production of ADH
Reduced osmotic pressure
Increased fluid alcohol
37
Difference between acromegaly and giantism
Acromegaly - excess growth hormone post puberty
Giantism - excess growth hormone in puberty
38
2 signs / symptoms of acromegaly
Large facial features
Increased size of hands and feet
39
Why is type 2 diabetes a potential complication of acromegaly and giantism
GH increases blood glucose which can lead to insulin resistance
40
What is this pathology
Galctorrhoea, amenorrhoea, decreased libido and sub-fertility
Hyperprolactinaemia
cause - pituitary tumour
41
What is galatorrhoea
Flow of milk from breast not assocaited with childbrith
42
Difference between diabetes insipidus and Type 2 diabetes
Insipidus - deficiency of ADh production causing kidneys to over excrete
Type II - Insulin resistance, deficiency, disease or damage
43
2 causes of diabetes insipidus
Cranial - brain tumour
Renal - kidney disease or damage
44
2 signs / symptoms of diabetes insipidus
Polydipsia
Polyuria
Weight loss
45
Findings of tests for diabetes insipidus
Urine volume - high
Urine concentration - low
Sodium - high
46
Which gland produces melatonin
Pineal gland
47
How does age affect melatonin levels
Decline with age
48
1 factor that stimulates melatonin
Darkness
Setting circadian rhythm
49
2 factors that reduce melatonin
Daylight
Irregular sleep pattern
50
2 functions of melatonin
Sets circadian rhythm
potent antioxidant
51
Difference in iodine atoms between thyroxine and triiodothyronine
Throxine - 4
triiiodothyronine - 3
52
Which thyroid cell stores iodine
Thyroidfollicular cells
53
Which thyroid cell stores calcitonin
Parafollicular cells
54
1 amino acid thats needed for production of thyroid hormones
selenium
55
2 minerals essential for conversion of T4 to T3
Selenium and zinc
56
Which is the most biologically-active thyroid hormone
T3 - check
57
How are thyroid hormones measured
Free T4 and T3
58
2 functions of thyroid hormones
Increase metabolic rate
Increase heat production
59
factors that stimulate thyroid hormone production
TSH
Exercise
Stress
Malnutrition
Low blood glucose
60
Factors that reduce thyroid hormone production
Low TSH
High T3
61
Why are TSH levels measured in the morning
Highest at night
Shower higher TSH after fasting
62
1 antibody used to identify autoimmune thyroid disease
Anti-thyroglobulin antibodies
63
2 signs of hypothroidism
Tiredness
Malaise
Weight gain
thin hair
loss of eyebrowns
64
4 symptons of hyopthyroidism
Goitre
blood test
dry, brittle skin
constipation
65
Define Grave's Disease
Hyperthyroidism characterised by hyper-metabolism (AI)
66
2 causes of hypothyroidism
Hashimoto's thyroiditis
Iodine difficiency
67
Pathophysiology of Grave's disease
Increase in IgG antibodies bind to TSH rectors and stimulate production of thyroid hormones
68
4 signs / symptoms of grave's disease
Nervousness
Irritability
Hyper activity
69
How are blood calcium levels affected by calcitonin
Inhibits calcium reabsorption from bones & kidneys
Inhibits osteoclast activity
70
How are blood calcium levels affected by Parathyroid hormone
Increases Osteoclast activity
Increases kidney reabsorption of calcium
71
2 signs / symptoms of hyperparathyroidism
Look up
Hypercalcaemia
72
2 signs / symptoms of hypoparathyroidism
Hypocalcaemia - muscle craps and spasms, tingling
73
2 hormones produced by the adrenal cortex
Adrenaline
Noradrenaline
74
Main function of adrenaline and normadrenaline
Intensify sympathetic response
75
2 factors inhibit adrenaline and noradrenaline
Eating
sleeping
Diaphragmatic breathing
76
4 functions of cortisol
Production of glucose by liver
Anti-inflammatory
stimulate glucoueogenesis
reduce immune response
77
2 functions of aldosterone
Maintain water and eletrolyte balance
Retention of water in kidneys
78
1 factor that stimulates aldosterone
Low blood pressure or blood volume
79
1 factor that inhibits aldosterone production
low blood potassium
80
Difference between Cushing's syndrome and Addison's disease
Cushing's - excessive glucocoticoids
Addison's - addrenial insufficiency - hypo-functioning of the adrenal cortex
81
2 causes of Cushing's syndrome
Corticosteroid therapy
Adrenal adenoma - benign epitherial tumor
82
3 signs / symptoms of Cushing's syndrome
Weight gain
Moon face
Easy brusing
abdominal stretch marks
83
1 cause of addison's disease
Atrophy of adrenal gland
Often AI
84
2 signs / symptoms of Addison's disease
weakness
fatigue
hypotension
Hyperpigmentation
85
Why does hyperpigmentation occur in addison's disease
Excess corticotrophin releasing hormone which causes erroneous melanocye stimulating hormone
86
What is meant by Addison's crisis
An individual has no capacity to cope with stress
87
2 functions of androgens
Group of sex hormones
Play a role in reproductive health
Production of public hair
88
1 factor that stimulates androgen production
CRH - stimulates ACTH
89
Difference between alpha cells and beta cells in the pancreas
Alpha - produce glucagon
Beta - insulin
90
Normal blood glucose range
4-7 mmol / L
91
2 functions of insulin
Lowers blood glucose levels
Stimulates cells to uptake glucose from blood
92
2 factors that stimulate insulin production
High blood glucose
Eating
Sweet tastes
93
2 factors that inhibit insulin production
Low blood sugar
Starvation
Glucagon
94
1 function of glucagon
Acts on liver to elevate blood glucose levels
95
2 factors that stimulate glucagon production
High blood glucose
Easting
Sweet tastes
96
2 factors that stimulate glucagon production
Insulin
Hyperglycaemia
97
Compare Type I and Type II diabetes
Type 1 - absolute Insufficiency of insulin causing persistent hyperglycaemia
Type II - cells develop insulin resistance
Glucose can not enter cells
98
1 cause of secondary diabetes
PCOS
99
Which type of diabetes is a woman with gestational diabetes at higher risk of developing
II
100
2 dietary causes of type I diabetes
Infant exposure to dairy and gluten
vit D deficiency
101
1 viral cause of type I diabetes
Polio
102
3 signs / symptoms of type I diabetes
Polydipsia
Polyuria
Polyphagia
103
2 lifestyle factors that contribute to the development of type II diabetes
Obesity
High GI diet
104
2 tests for identifying diabetes mellitus
Blood glucose test
Glycated haemoglobin
HbA1c)
105
3 complications of diabetes mellitus
Heart disease
retinopathy
Diabetic kidney disease
106
When does ketoacidosis develop
When glucose is low or cells can not utilise glucose
Mitochondria can use ketones to make energy
107
4 signs / symptoms of hypoglycaemia
Shaking / trembling
Sweating
Pins & needles
Hunger & irritability
