Yr I Chemistry & Biochemistry II

Question 1

What are amino acids?

Answer 1

Building blocks of proteins

Question 2

Which 4 elements form amino acids?

Answer 2

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen

Question 3

Which element distinguishes amino acids from fats and carbohydrates?

Answer 3

Nitrogen

Question 4

How many different amino acids does the body need?

Answer 4

20

Question 5

Which 2 groups does each amino acid have?

Answer 5

Carboxyl group (acid) COOH
Amino group NH3

Question 6

What determines the characteristics of each amino acid?

Answer 6

Side chain labelled R

Question 7

How do amino acids join together?

Answer 7

Dehydration synthesis (removing water) to create peptide bonds

Question 8

Name 2 amino acids joined

Answer 8

Dipeptide

Question 9

Name 3 amino acids joined

Answer 9

Tripeptide

Question 10

Example of a harmful dipeptide

Answer 10

Aspartame

Question 11

Why is aspartame harmful

Answer 11

Neurotoxin excited brain cells
Carcinogenic

Question 12

Example of a powerful antioxidant tripeptide?

Answer 12

Glutathione

Question 13

Which 3 amino acids does glutathione contain?

Answer 13

L-cysteine
L-glutamate
L-glycine

Question 14

Which amino acid commonly limits glutathione production?

Answer 14

L-cysteine

Question 15

3 L-cysteine rich foods

Answer 15

Legumes
Sunflower seeds
Eggs

Question 16

What affects the 3d structure of amino acids and therefore their function

Answer 16

Th surrounding fluid’s pH

Question 17

Example of an amino acid changing structure

Answer 17

Ceviche - acid turns fish opaque

Question 18

What can amino acids with acidic side chains do?

Answer 18

Release hydrogen ions

Question 19

What can amino acids with basic side chains do?

Answer 19

Bind to hydrogen ions

Question 20

Which type of amino acid is hydrophobic

Answer 20

Non polar amino acids

Question 21

Which type of amino acid is hydrophilic?

Answer 21

Polar

Question 22

Example of a non-polar (hydrophobic amino acid)

Answer 22

Tryptophan - used to produce serotonin to stimulate gut motility and digestive juices

Question 23

Example of a polar (hydrophilic) amino acid

Answer 23

Tyrosine - used to create adrenaline and thyroxine.

Question 24

What determines the unique shape of a protein?

Answer 24

Combination of polar and non polar amino acids

Question 25

What are haemoglobin, ferritin, albumin, collagen and insulin

Answer 25

Types of protein

Question 26

5 functions of protein

Answer 26

- body structure - movement - actin and myosin - storage - ferritin - carrier - haemoglobin - enzyme reactions in the body

Question 27

2 factors that can denature proteins

Answer 27

Heat Heavy metals

Question 28

Example of a protein being denature by heat

Answer 28

Egg white

Question 29

What heavy metals can denature proteins in the body

Answer 29

Lead and mercury

Question 30

2 chelating agents that can bind to heavy metals in the body

Answer 30

Coriander and chlorella

Question 31

What does the body use to help digest proteins and break down the peptide bonds in amino acids?

Answer 31

Enzymes

Question 32

What type of reaction can help break the bonds in proteins

Answer 32

Hydrolysis

Question 33

Where does the body start to break down proteins?

Answer 33

In the mouth. Chewing increases the surface area

Question 34

Where does the chemical digestion of proteins begin?

Answer 34

In the stomach

Question 35

Which enzymes breaks down long protein chains in the stomach

Answer 35

Pepsin

Question 36

Where is pepsin released from

Answer 36

Chief cells

Question 37

What is the inactive form of pepsin

Answer 37

Pepsinogen

Question 38

What pH does pepsin need?

Answer 38

pH 2

Question 39

What triggers the release of pancreatic juices in the small intestine?

Answer 39

Hormone called CCK

Question 40

2 proteases in the pancreatic juices

Answer 40

Trypsin and chymotrypsin

Question 41

What do longer protein chains get broken down into in the small intestine

Answer 41

Tripeptide, dipeptides and single amino acids by brush border enzymes

Question 42

What breaks down amino acids in the small intestine

Answer 42

Pancreatic proteases (trypsin and chymotrypsin) & Brush border enzymes

Question 43

Where are small peptides and amino acids absorbed into from the digestive tract?

Answer 43

The blood

Question 44

2 most common nucleic acids

Answer 44

DNA deoxyribonnucleic acid RNA ribonucleic acid

Question 45

What are the building blocks of nucleic acids called?

Answer 45

Nucleotides

Question 46

3 x parts of a nucleotide?

Answer 46

Phosphate group Sugar Nitrogenous base

Question 47

What is the function of nucleic acid?

Answer 47

Store genetic information

Question 48

What cell does not contain dNa

Answer 48

Red blood cell

Question 49

How long would a dna molecule be?

Answer 49

2m

Question 50

What does DNA act as a template for?

Answer 50

Protein synthesis

Question 51

What does RNA do?

Answer 51

Copy specific sections of DNA called genes

Question 52

How many genes in a human genome (complete set of DNA)

Answer 52

20-25k

Question 53

What is the human genome?

Answer 53

Complete set of DNA

Question 54

What is deoxyribose

Answer 54

5-carbon sugar

Question 55

What are the 4 nucleotide bases in DNA

Answer 55

Adenine Thymine Guanine Cytosine

Question 56

Which 2 nucleotide bases are purines

Answer 56

Adenine Guanine

Question 57

What does Cytosine pair with

Answer 57

Guanine

Question 58

What does adenine pair with

Answer 58

Thymine

Question 59

What is the structure of DNA called?

Answer 59

Double helix

Question 60

What are the 2 types of bond in a stand of DNA

Answer 60

Carbon bond (middle of the ladder) Convalent bond

Question 61

How can DNA unzip during protein synthesis?

Answer 61

Because the hydrogen bonds are much weaker than the covalent bonds

Question 62

How many strands of nucleotides does RNA have?

Answer 62

1

Question 63

What is the name of the sugar RNA is made from?

Answer 63

Ribose

Question 64

What is the name of the process when messenger RNA copies a recipe from DNA

Answer 64

Transcription

Question 65

What is the name for when the ribosome produces a protein

Answer 65

Translation

Question 66

Examples of proteins in the body

Answer 66

Muscle tissue and enzymes

Question 67

What is DNA condensed to form?

Answer 67

Chromosomes

Question 68

What are the end sections of dna called?

Answer 68

Telomeres

Question 69

What are telomeres?

Answer 69

End sections of dna

Question 70

What shortens telomeres?

Answer 70

Aging Stress Poor nutrition Negative thoughts

Question 71

Herb that’s been shown to reduce telomere shortening

Answer 71

Gotu kola

Question 72

What is a mutation?

Answer 72

Change in dna sequence

Question 73

What can a dna mutation cause?

Answer 73

Change in the sequence of amino acids in the protein which can impact shape and function

Question 74

What happens to dna in sickle cell anaemia

Answer 74

Proteins in haemoglobin become abnormally shaped

Question 75

How is haemophilia linked to gene expression?

Answer 75

Mutations in genes linked to clotting factors 8 and 9

Question 76

What is the link between cancer and gene mutations?

Answer 76

Mutations occur due to factors such as radiation, medications, stress and chemicals

Question 77

Which genes do cancer genetic mutations impact?

Answer 77

Genes that code for proteins involved in regulating cell division

Question 78

What is gene expression

Answer 78

Whether we copy the gene and make the protein or not

Question 79

Which can we change? Our genes or our gene expression

Answer 79

Gene expression - whether we copy the gene or not

Question 80

Nutrients that influence if a gene is copied

Answer 80

Vitamin A Vitamin D Essential fatty acids Zinc Fibre

Question 81

How can fibre impact gene expression

Answer 81

By affecting hormone levels and the metabolites created when intestinal floral feed on fibre

Question 82

What environment do we bathe our genes in that can promote cancer?

Answer 82

Acid Glucose rich Anaerobic

Question 83

Environment that can inhibit healthy gene expression

Answer 83

Lack of oxygen Stress Drugs

Question 84

Why might someone eating lots of beta carotene rich foods be deficient in vitamin A

Answer 84

Could be genetics