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Nervous system II 14 Flashcards

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1
Q

What protects the spinal cord - x2?

A

Vertibral column and meninges

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2
Q

What protects the brain - x4?

A

Cranium, cranial meninges, cerebrospinal fluid, blood brain barrier

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3
Q

What is the meninges made from?

A

Connective tissue

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4
Q

What are the three layers of the meninges?

A

Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia matter

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5
Q

What is the dura mater?

A

Tough outer layer of the meninges
Contains venous sinuses

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6
Q

What is the arachnoid mater?

A

Middle layer of the meniges
Collagen and elastic fibres

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7
Q

What is the pia mater?

A

Inner layer of the meninges.
Thin transparent layer than contains blood vessels that supply the spinal cord

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8
Q

What is the space between the dura mater and arachnoid mater?

A

Subdural space

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9
Q

What is the space between the arachnoid mater and pia mater?

A

Subarachnoid space

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10
Q

What is a subdural haematoma

A

Venous blow, slowly develops

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11
Q

What type of haemorrhage is a rapid arterial bleed?

A

Subarachnoid haemorrhage

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12
Q

What is cerebrospinal fluid

A

Clear liquid that protect the braind and spinal cord from trauma

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13
Q

What is cerebrospinal fluid made from?

A

Filtered blood - mostly water, ions and glucose

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14
Q

Where do you find cerebrospinal fluid

A

Subarachnoid space, ventricles and central canal of the spinal cord

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15
Q

What is cerebrospinal fluid made by?

A

Ependymal cells

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16
Q

What rate is cerebrospinal fluid produced at?

A

500ml per day

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17
Q

What are the functions of cerebrospinal fluid?

A

Supports and protects the brain and spinal cord - acting as a SHOCK ABSORBER
Maintains uniform pressure around the brain
Optimal chemical environment
Circulates nutrients and waste

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18
Q

What does the blood brain barrier do?

A

Protects the brain from: toxins, harmful substances and bacteria

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19
Q

Which cell type maintains the blood brain barrier?

A

astrocytes

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19
Q

What can be transported across the blood brain barrier?

A

Lipid soluable substances
Glucose
Gases
Ions

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19
Q

What does not pass the blood brain barrier

A

Proteins and some drugs

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19
Q

What are the four major parts of the brain?

A

Brainstem
Diencephalon ‘interbrain’
Cerebrum
Cerebellum ‘little brain’

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20
Q

Which part of the brain is known as the interbrain?

A

diencephalon

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21
Q

What are the three parts of the brainstem

A

medula oblongata
pons
midbrain

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22
What are the three parts of the diencephalon?
thalamus hypothalamus epithalamus
23
What does the medulla oblongata do?
Respiratory and cardiac centres - regulates heartbeat and breathing Reflexes such as vomiting, sneezing and hiccuping 4 cranial nerves - 9-12 Motor tracts - corticospinal tract
24
What does the pons do?
Controls breathing 4 cranial nerves - 5-8 Relayas motor tracs
25
What does the midbrain do?
Contains the substantia nigra - contains dopamine that helps control subconcious muscle activities Eye reflexes and tracking 2 cranial nerves - 3 & 4 Movement of head and neck Auditory tracts
26
What does the thalamus do?
Core of the brain - 80% of the diencephalon Major relay centre - sensory info to the cerebrum Integrates sensory and motor info
27
What does the epithalamus do?
Connects the limbic system (emotion, behaviour and long-term memory) to other parts of brain PIneal gland secretes meletonin
28
What does the hypothalamus do?
Think emotional brain Hormone regulation and homeostasis Receives sensory info Controls autonomic nervous system Controls body temp Regulations emotional and behaviour patterns (limbic) Eating and drinking Circadian rhythms
29
Facts about the cerebellum
of the 100 billion neurons in the brain - half are in the cerebellum but its only 1/10th of the brain mass
30
What are the functions of the cerebellum?
Maintain posture and balance Co-ordinate skilled sequences of movement Correction of errors during ongoing movement Role in cognition, thought and language Susceptible to injury from alcohol, Coeliac's disease and B1 deficiency
31
What is the name of symptoms of cerebellar disease
ataxia
32
Key points about the structure of the cerebrum
It's divided into two hemispheres - right and left Outer cerebral cortex - grey matter Deeper region - white matter
33
What is the corpus collosum
What contexts the two heispheres of the cerebrum
34
What are the functions of the cerebrum?
Sensory perception Motor control of skeletal muscles
35
What is the corticospinal tract made from?
Motor neuron axons
36
Where does the corticospinal tract cross over?
Medulla oblongata
37
What does the corticospinal tract crossing over mean?
Left side of the brain coordinate the right side of the body and visa versa
38
What are the four lobes of the cerebrum (named after the four lobes that cover them)
Frontal lobe Temporal lobe Parietal lobe Occipital lobe
39
What does the frontal lobe do?
Motor skills
40
What does the temporal lobe do?
Hearing
41
What does the parietal lobe do?
Sensory cortex
42
What does the occipital lobe do?
Vision
43
What does each region of the motor cortex do?
Controls voluntary movements of specific muscles
44
What does the limbic system do?
Activates different emotions
45
Which parts of the brain form the limbic system?
Cerebrum, diencephalon, midbrain
46
Which part of the brain is ke in dealing with emotions?
Amygdala
47
Which part of the brain plays a role in encoding and retrieving memories?
Hippocampus
48
Why does the brain need a constant supply of oxygen and glucose?
As it has a limited ability to supply and store oxygen and glucose
49
What percentage of cardiac output does the brain receive?
About 20% (despite only counting for 2% of the body mass).
50
Which two arterial system supply the brain?
Carotid and vertebral
51
Where the two arterial systems that supply the brain meet and form the circle of willis what type of aneurysms normally develop?
Berry aneurysms
52
What is the name and function of cranial nerve I
Olfactory - sense of smell
53
Name and function of cranial nerve II
OPtic - vision Only nerve that spans through the majority of the cranium
54
NAme and function of cranial nerve II
Oculomotor - moves eyeball and elevates eyelid
55
Name and function of cranial nerve IV
Troclear - rotates eyes for reading
56
Name and function of cranial nerve VI
Abducens - abdusts the eyes
57
What can damage to cranial nerve III, IV and VI lead to
Strabismus (one eye crossed) ptosis - drooping upper eyelid diplopia - double vision
58
Name and function of cranial nerve V
Trigeminal - facial sensations, mastication and some tast
59
Name and function of cranial nerve VII
Facial nerve - taste, facial expression and salivary glands
60
What are the three branches of the trigeminal nerve?
Ophthalmic, maxillary and mandibular
61
Name and function of cranial nerve VIII
Vestibulocochlear - hearing and balance
62
Acronym for cranial nerves
On Occasion Our Trusty Truck Acts Funny, Very Good Vehicle Any How
63
Acronym for cranial nerve function
Some Say Money Matters, But My Brother Says Big Brains Matter Most
64
NAme and function of cranial nerve IX
Glossopharyngeal - taste and swallow
65
Name and function of cranial nerve X
Vagus nerve Wandering nerve - long course Largest nerve in autonomic nervous system All sensory info from chest, and abdomen (heart, GI tract, lungs) 90% of its fibres are sensory
66
NAme and function of cranial nerve XI
Assessory spinal nerve Shoulder elevation, neck side bending and rotation
67
Name and function of cranial nerve XII
Hypoglossal - tongue movement and speach
68
Where does the spinal cord start and end
Starts at the foramen magnum Ends at L2
69
What is the cauda equina
'horse's tail) spinal nerves that continue beyond the conus
70
What does the spinal cord consist of
White matter around a grey matter core
71
Facts about white matter in the spinal cord
Bundles of mylenated axons Tracts - motor decending Sensory - ascending
72
Facts about the grey matter in the spinal cord
Cell bodies and dendrites Divided into posterior dorsal horn - receives sensory info Anterior ventral horn - sends motor impulses
73
Dorsal column receives?
Light touch, vibration, proprioception Ascending
74
Spinothalamic tract recieves?
Pain and temperature Ascending
75
What is a reflex
A fast, automatic, unplanned sequence of actions that occurs in response to a stimulus
76
5 steps of a reflex arc
1. sensory receptor 2. sensory neuron 3. Integrating centre 4. motor neuron 5. effector organ
77
What is the name for the places where spinal nerves exit the vertebral column?
vertebral foramina (holes)
78
What does raised intracranial pressure mean?
An increase in pressure within the cranial cavity
79
3+ causes for raised cranial pressure
Tumours Haemorrhage Hydrocephalus - excess cerebrospinal fluid Meningitis Encephalitis - inflammation of brain tissue

Biomedicine (20 decks)

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