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Reproductive System Flashcards

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1
Q

What is reproduction

A

Production of new offspring

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2
Q

What does sexual reproduction involve

A

Meiosis and fertilisation

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3
Q

What is meiosis?

A

Produces male (sperm) and female (ova) which are haploid (23 chromosomes)

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4
Q

What does fertilisation produce

A

Zygote

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5
Q

5 functions of the female reproductive system

A

Formation of ova (female gamete)
Reception of spermatozoa
Suitable environment for fertilisation
Childbirth
Lactation

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6
Q

2 functions of male reproductive system

A

Production of spermatozoa
Transmission of spermatozoa

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7
Q

What type of gland is a breast?

A

Mamery glands
Modified sweat glands

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8
Q

How many lobes in each breast and what are the grapelike clusters of glands in breasts called?

A

15-20
Alveoli

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9
Q

What supports the breasts

A

Suspensory ligaments

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10
Q

Stages of lactation

A

Alveoli help propel milk into lactiferous ducts
Milk can be stored in lactiferous sinuses

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11
Q

Which two hormones are needed for milk production?

A

Prolactin - milk synthesis
Oxytocin - causes milk ejaction

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12
Q

4 functions of uterus - important

A
  1. pathway for sperm
  2. site of zygote implantation
  3. location of foetal development
  4. contracts to initiate labour
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13
Q

What are the 3 layers of the uterus

A

Perimetrium - outer
Myometrium - smooth muscle
Endometrium - vasacular inner laer

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14
Q

What are the 2 layers of teh endometrium

A

Stratum functionalis - sloughs off during menses
Statum basalis - permanent deeper layer that regenerates the stratum functionalis

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15
Q

3 parts of the uterus and what holds the uterus in place?

A

Fundus
Body
Cervix

Held in place by broad ligament

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16
Q

What happens to the endometrum after menses

A

The endometrium re-builds to prepare of implantation of a fertilised egg
The zygote is embedded in the endometrium

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17
Q

What is the zygote called for the first 8 weeks and then after the first 8 weeks

A

First eight - embryo
Foetus

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18
Q

What is the placenta

A

Site of exchange of nutrient and wastes between the mother and foetus
Attached to the endometrium

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19
Q

What does the placenta produce?

A

Hormones

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20
Q

What is unique about the placenta

A

It develops from two individuals

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21
Q

What connects the placenta to the embryo / foetus and how long is it?

A

Umbilical cord
50-60cm

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22
Q

What can and can not travel through the placenta?

A

CAN - oxygen and nutrients, carbon dioxide and wastes
CAN NOT - Blood cells

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23
Q

6 placental hormones

A

Progesterone
Oestrogen
Homan chorionic Gonadotropin
Human placental
Lactogen
Relaxin
Corticotropin Releasing Hormone

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24
Q

What does progesterone do during pregnancy?

A

Maintains endometrial lining

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25
What does oestrogen do during pregnancy
Promotes growth of the breast tissue and myometrium
26
What does chorionic gonadotropin do during pregnancy and what is special about this hormone?
Only produced in pregnancy Increases transfer of nutrients to the foetus
27
What does human placental lactogen do during pregnancy?
Increases the amount of glucose and lipids in maternal blood
28
What does relaxin do during pregnancy?
Targets ligaments and relaxes them
29
What does corticotropin releasing hormone do during pregnancy?
Prevents rejection of the foetus
30
Differences between monozygotic and dizygotic twins
monoxygotic twins - same genetic info Single fertislised ovum Share one placenta duozygotic non-idential Two ova two different placenta
31
2 functions of the fallopian tubes
1. provide a route for sperm to meet the ova 2. route for the fertilised ova to reach the uterus
32
What are the finger-like projections on the end of each fallopian tube and what do they do?
Fimbriae Sweep the ova into the fallopian tube
33
What is the structure of fallopian tubes and what does it do?
Lined with ciliated columnar epithelium helps move ova towards uterus Smooth muscle performs peristalsis
34
What are the ovaries
Paired glands REsemble almonds Atrophy after menopause
35
What do the ovaries produce
Female gametes - via oogenesis Secrete oestrogen and progesterone
36
What does oogenesis mean?
Formation of female gametes ova in overies
37
When does oogenesis begin and end
Begins in the foetus Stops at birth
38
What are initial oocytes called?
primary oocytes Surrounded by a layer of follicular cells Whole structure is a primordial follicle
39
Which hormone stimulates the development of a primordial follicle into a mature ovum
Follicle stimulating hormone
40
Which hormone triggers ovulation?
luteinising hormone
41
What do the remains of ovarian follicle become and what do they produce?
Become corpus leteum and produce progesterone and some oestrogen
42
How long does follicle growth from primoridal to full maturity take?
a year
43
1 stage of menstrual cycle in ovaries
Days 1-5 - follicles are developing under the influence of FSH
44
2nd stage of menstrual cycle in ovaries
Days 6-13 - follicle starts to mature, secretes oestrogen Secretes inhibin which decreases FSH to stop other follicles developing
45
3rd stage of menstrual cycle in ovaries
Day 14 High oestrogen creates positive feedback loop Stimulates LH Expulsion of egg + ovulation
46
4th stage of menstrual cycle in ovaries
Days 15-28 Corpus luteum forms from follicle wall and produces progesterone and some oestrogen
47
What are the names of the four phases of the menstrual cycle?
Menstrual - day 1-5 Pre-ovulatory - day 6-13 Ovulation - day 14 Post-ovulatory - day 15-28
48
1st stage in uterus
days 1-5 Endometrium is being shed Sudden drop in progesterone
49
2nd stage in uterus
days 6-13 Endometrium thickens in response to rising oestrogen
50
3rd stage in uterus
day 14 Release of egg
51
4th stage in uterus
Corpus luteum needed to maintain pregnancy
52
What happens to a fertilised egg
Zygote embed in uterine wall Human chorionic gonadotropin stimulates corpus luteum to produce progesterone and oestrogen After a few weeks placenta takes over
53
What happens to a non-fertilised egg
After 14 days the corpus luteum degerates to the corpus albicans Progesterone and oestrogen drop
54
What happens to hormones at the start of female puberty
Pulses of LH and FSH triggered by Gonadotropin releasing hormone
55
MEdical term for periods starting
Menarche
56
What happens to the body during menopause (perimenopause)
Ovarian ageing where follicles become exhausted Decline in oestrogen and progesterone
57
Which hormones decrease and increase in menopause
Oestrogen and progesterone trigger negative feedback leading to higher FSH and LH
58
Facts about the penis
Root within the pelvic cavity and body 3 cylindrical masses of erectile tissue Ending - glans penis
59
What stimulates the penis
Parasympathetic nervous system - produces nitric oxide that cases vasodilation
60
Where do the testes develop and when do the descend?
Develop in pelvic cavity Descent into scrotum 7-9 months
61
What happens in the testes
Spermatogenesis - regulated by FSH Testoterone production and secretion - regulated by LH
62
Where are spermatozoa matured and stored?
Epididymis
63
How many sperm are produced each day
300 million
64
What temperature does spermatogenesis occur best at
3 degrees below body temperature
65
4 parts of a sperm
Head - with nucleus Acrosome - covers head,enzymes to penetrate egg Body - filled with mitochondria Tail
66
What happens during ejaculation
Spermatozoa expelled from epididymis through the vas deferens into ejaculatory duct
67
Which 2 glands produce seminal fluid
Seminal vesicles Prostate gland
68
What is the function of the seminal fluid
Alkaline Nutrients Anticoagulats increase fluidity
69
Facts about seminal vesicles
Glands under bladder Secrete alkaline seminal fluid (60% semen) Nutrients (e.g. fructose) nourish sperm
70
What does the prostate gland contribute to the seminal fluid?
Milky fluid 30% semen Nutrients for ATP production Anticoagulants for fluidity Prostate specific antigen
71
What percentage of semen is sperm?
10%
72
What do the bulbourethral glands (Cowper's glands) do?
Secrete an alkaline, mucus fluid that neutralises urinary acid prior to ejaculation
73
Where are the smooth muscles that contract to propel sperm into ajaculatory ducts?
Epididymis and vas deferens
74
List of case history considerations
menstruation - bleeding time and cycle, amount of blood Breasts Relationshhip of symptoms to cycle Hirsutism / acne Problems with intercourse Altered libido and impotence Past and future fertility plans Operations
75
Metrorrhagia
mid cycle bleeding
76
Menorrhagia
increased menstrual bleeding
77
Dysmenorrhoea
Painful periods
78
Polymenorrhea
Short cycle, frequent periods
79
Oligomenorrhea
Infrequent cycle
80
Galactorrhoea
Lactation without pregnancy
81
Dyspareunia
Pain on intercourse
82
Gynaecomastia
Enlarged breast tissue on male

Biomedicine (20 decks)

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