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Biomedicine > Respiratory System 4 > Flashcards

Respiratory System 4 Flashcards

(54 cards)

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1
Q

4 respiratory system functions

A
  1. Gas exchange CO2 and O2
  2. Warming, cooling & moistening air
  3. Removal of inhaled particles immunity
  4. Voice production and olfaction
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2
Q

Air flow route - 8 structures

A
  1. Nose
  2. Paranasal sinuses
  3. Pharynx (throat)
  4. Larynx (voice box)
  5. Trachea
  6. Bronchi
  7. Bronchioles
  8. Alveoli
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3
Q

3 types of respiration

A
  1. External - blood an lung ‘ventilation’
  2. Internal - blood and cells
  3. Cellular - ATP
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4
Q

Compare External and Internal reputation

A

External - blood and lungs - ‘ventilation’
Internal - blood and cells

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5
Q

Lining of respiratory tract

A

Ciliated epithelial membrane with mucus-secreting goblet cells

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6
Q

Mucociliary escalator

A
  1. Mucus traps inhaled particles - mucus is anti microbial
  2. Cilia move particles towards the oesophagus where it can be coughed up or swallowed
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7
Q

Purpose of mucociliary escalator

A

Protect lungs from pathogens

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8
Q

What are nasal concha (turbinates)

A

Shelves that increase surface area and trap water during exhalation

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9
Q

4 functions of nasal cavity

A

Filtering air
Warming air
Humidification
Sneezing reflex
Olfactory function

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10
Q

2 paranasal sinuses

A

Frontal
Maxillary
Ethmoid
Sphenoid

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11
Q

4 functions of paranasal sinuses

A
  1. Resonance of speech
  2. Lightening cranial mass
  3. Drains tears
  4. Humidifying air
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12
Q

Describe pharynx (throat)

A

Straight muscular tube connects nose and throat, 13cm long

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13
Q

3 sections of pharynx

A

Nasopharyngeal
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

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14
Q

Eustacian tubes function

A

Equalisation of pressure in middle ear

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15
Q

Adenoids

A

Nasopharyngeal to tonsils

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16
Q

4 Pharynx function

A

Passageway
Warming humidifying
Taste
Hearing
Equalisation of pressure
Immune - to cults
Speech

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17
Q

How laryngeal muscles alter tone

A

Relaxed - low
Contracted - high

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18
Q

Hormone thickens and lowers vocal chords

A

Testosterone

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19
Q

4 larynx functions - voice box

A
  1. Production of sound
  2. Protection - epiglottis
  3. Air passageway
  4. Warming and humidifying
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20
Q

Trachea description

A

Windpipe 12cm long
Incomplete c shaped rings of hyaline cartilage

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21
Q

What does the trachea respond to

A

Sympathetic - dilation
Parasympathetic- constriction

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22
Q

Cough reflex 6 stages

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A
  1. Irritation of mucus membrane
  2. Nerve endings stimulated
  3. Vegus nerve signal to the brain stem
  4. Deep inhalation + closure of glottis
  5. Contracts muscles (abdominal & respiratory)
  6. Forced removal
23
Q

4 trachea functions

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. Air flow
  2. Mucociliary escalator
  3. Cough reflex
  4. Warming & humidifying air
24
Q

How do trachea and bronchi connect

Study These Flashcards
A

Trachea divides into left and right bronchi at T5

Internal ridge I called the carina

25
Which bronchi is more vertical, shorter an wider
Right
26
Which lung is an aspirated object more likely to enter
Right
27
Nervous system impact on air to bronchi
Sympathetic- bronchodilation Parasympathetic - bronchi constriction
28
4 Alveoli maximised gas exchange
1. Large surface area 80m2 2. Walls thin 3. Surrounded blood capillaries 4. Surface moist
29
Alveolar gas exchange
Air in and out of sack Venus blood in - co2 out O2 in and oxygenated blood out
30
Alveolar cell types
Type I Simple epithelial cells Thin gas exchange 90% surface area Type II Excrete pulmonary surfactant Macrophages
31
Role of alveaolar pulmonary surfactant
Reduces surface tension Allows gasses to diffuse
32
Lung development in premature babies
Pulmonary surfactant not produced until 20-24 weeks
33
Which organ separates the lungs
Heart
34
4 lung surfaces
Apex - above clavicle Base - over diaphragm Coastal Neil
35
How many lobes does the lungs have
Right 3 Left 2
36
Role of pleura
Serous membrane surrounds the lungs and prevents friction
37
2 phases of ventilation
1. Inhalation 2. Exhalation
38
2 areas where breathing comes from
1. Abdominal (diaphragmatic) breathing 2. Upper ribs
39
2 primary muscles for ventilation
1. Intercostal (between ribs) 2. Diaphragm
40
2 secondary muscles of ventilation
Trapezius Sternocleudomastoid Scalenes
41
Pathology that can lead to over use of secondary ventilation muscles
Asthma
42
Ventilation key facts
Inhalation - active Air down a pressure gradient Exhalation - passive Elastic recoil of the lungs
43
Define tidal volume
Normal volume of air that enters lungs which no extra effort is applied Normally 500ml
44
Average capacity of human lungs
6 litres
45
2 factors that contribute to larger lung volumes
Men Taller Non-smokers Athletes Living at higher altitudes
46
Why no difference between inspired and expired nitrogen gas?
Doesn’t bind to haemoglobin. Not used in the blood
47
Which blood cell transports oxygen around the body
Red blood cells 98.5% oxygen in blood is transported by haemoglobin
48
3 ways carbon dioxide is transported
70% in plasma bicarbonate 23% RBC 7% dissolved in plasma
49
Role of bicarbonate buffer reaction
In blood CO2 combines with after to produce carbonic acid H2CO3 Carbonic can us unstable and decomposes to bicarbonate and H+ Hydrogen exhaled and excreted Bicarbonate buffers the acidity
50
What causes respiratory acidosis?
CO2 dissolves in blood causes an increase in H+ ions Also exercise lactic acid And ketoacids
51
How does ventilation contribute to acidity of body fluids
Lowers acidity via exhalation of CO2
52
Oxyhaemoglobin
Plenty of oxygen bound to haemoglobin
53
Deoxyhaemoglobin
Haemoglobin lacks oxygen
54
Regulating blood Ph formula
Carbon dioxide + water = Carbonic acid = Bicarbonate + acid

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