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Neuro > Dementia > Flashcards

Dementia Flashcards

1
Q

Cause of dementia is sudden deterioration

A

Vascular

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2
Q

Cause of dementia in gradual onset

A

Degenerative

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3
Q

Cause of the dementia if rapidly progressive

A

Spongiform encephalopathy

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4
Q

Classification of dementia

A

Cortical: causes selectives changes in memory function or behaviour in early stage. Can be accompanied by extrapyramidal disfunction
Subcortical: slowness of mental process, decreased motivation and mood changes predominate over impairment of intellectual functions

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5
Q

Alzheimer’s disease pathological findings

A

Senil plaques made by beta-amyloid, outside neurons.
Neurofibrillary tangles, made by hyperfosforilates tau protein, inside neuron.
Tau protein unfunctional (hyperfosforilated): citoeskeletal and neuronal death

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6
Q

Alzheimer’s disease PET

A

Reduced activity in the temporal ant parietal regions, accumulation of proteins

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7
Q

Alzheimer therapy

A

Acetilcolinesterase inhibitors
Memantine–> NMDA blockage
Donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine
beta-immunotherapy is in clinical trials

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8
Q

Diffuse Lewi body dementia. Clinical

A

Visual and auditory hallucination
Paranoid delusions
Fluctuations in cognitive impairment
Unexplained variations in consciousness

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9
Q

Lewi bodies can be found in

A

Substancia nigra
Locus ceruleis
Dorsal nucleus of vagus
Can also be in Parkinson

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10
Q

Frontotemporal dementia what is

A

Atrophy in frontal and temporal lobes + hippocampus. Can have hydrocephalus
Pick’s bodies and Pick’s cells
Familiar and autonomic dominant transmission.
Mutation in TAU protein, TDP-43, FUS

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11
Q

Frontotemporal dementia. Clinical

A

Behaviour: disinhibition, distractibility
Language: aphasia, anomia, use of superior word (animal instead of cat) , fluent speech, less logical. Comprenhension will get lost, words are loosing meaning, not listening.
Loss of conceptual knowledge
Mental rigid
Obsession with a procedure, food, routine
Compulsion
Loss of empathy
Prosopagnosia

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12
Q

Which dementia has Pick’s bodies and Pick’s cells

A

Frontotemporal dementia

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13
Q

Lacunar infarcts have predilection for

A

basal ganglia and upper pons

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14
Q

Lacunar infarcts result in

A

subcortical dementia, dysarthria, marche a petit pas, extrapyramidal features.

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15
Q

What to use to identify a vascular origin in dementia

A

Hachinski score

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16
Q

Dementia from trauma. Frontal lobe syndrome

A

Dementia
Poor coordination and planning
Inability to change fast from one task to another
Apathy
Disorientation
Poor concentration
Loss of abstract thinking

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17
Q

Cruz-feld Jacob disease (CJD)

A

Spongiform encephalopathy.
At the beginning confusion and behavioral changes and as the desease progress ir worsens. death in one year.
cause: prion mutation
Presence of 14-3-3 protein in the liquor

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18
Q

Cruz-feld Jacob disease MRI

A

Increased signal in T2

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19
Q

AIDS dementia

A

Associated with HIV infection
Whitte matter axonal damage and demyelination, inflammatory infiltration
Diffuse and symmetrical involvement.
Motor abnormalities, pout and grasp reflexes, mutism

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20
Q

AIDS dementia treatment

A

zidovudine

21
Q

Limbic dementia is associated with

A

Lung carcinoma

22
Q

Wernicke’s dementia due to

A

B6 deficiency

23
Q

Pellagra dementia is caused by

A

Niacine deficiency

24
Q

Pellagra dementia clinica

A

Cognitive disfunction associated with extrapyramidal rigidity and primitive reflexes

25
Q

Neurotransmitter receptors affected in Alzheimer’s disease

A

Acetylcholine

26
Q

Accumulation of aggregated amyloid beta protein is linked to

A

Inflammatory response of surrounding glial cells

27
Q

Test for suspected Creutzfeld Jacobs disease

A

EEG, MRI, liquor diagnostics for protein 14-3-3

28
Q

Secretases responsible for formation of amyloid A-beta

A

Beta and gamma secretases

29
Q

EEG in frontal dementia

A

normal activity

30
Q

Acetylcholine is produced in

A

Meynert’s basal nucleus

31
Q

Which dementia is subcortical

A

Huntington’s disease
Parkinson’s dementia
Vascular dementia

32
Q

Pick’s dementia MRI

A

Atrophy on head

33
Q

37 years old woman, double images, ataxia, confusion, amnesia is likely to have

A

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

34
Q

The improvement in cognitive function with anticholinesterase therapy will be most evident in

A

Lewy body dementia

35
Q

Pathological changes in Alzheimer’s disease first appear in

A

Hippocampus

36
Q

Type of aphasia in Alzehimer

A

transcortical sensory aphasia

37
Q

Lewi body part of brain

A

Substancia nigra

38
Q

Atrophy in frontotemporal process is mainly in the left temporal lobe

A

Semantic dementia

39
Q

what dementia has step-wise course

A

Vascular

40
Q

MRI visible whit dots in basal ganglia (haemorrages) and extensive atrophy of the cerebellum

A

Mixed vascular and Alzheimer’s dementia

41
Q

Elevated acetylcholine causes

A

Tremor

42
Q

Extremely elevated levels of tau protein in the fluid in

A

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

43
Q

Brain structure affected in dementia

A

hippocampus

44
Q

ApoE4 allele may be found in

A

Sporadic Alzheimer disease

45
Q

Examples of reversible dementia

A

Cerebral tumours (particulary in frontal a and non-dominant temporal lobes)
Giant aneurysm
Hydrocephalus
Paraneoplasic syndromes
Neurosyphilis
B12 deficiency
Chronic drug intoxication
Myxoedema
Hashimoto’s encephalopathy
Disturbances of calcium metabolism

46
Q

Pick’s disease types of dementia

A

Frontotemporal dementia

47
Q

Lewy bodies are made of

A

Alpha-synuclein

48
Q

Neurofibrillary tangles are made of

A

TAU protein

Neuro (30 decks)

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