Develop 1 - unit 2 - Flashcards
(120 cards)
1
Q
What are some developmental milestones considered important in child development?
A
- Uttering the first word
- Taking the first step
- Forming first friendships
Milestones can vary in significance based on personal perspectives.
2
Q
What was John Locke’s view on child development?
A
Children are like a ‘blank page’
Locke is considered a precursor of behaviorism.
3
Q
How did Rousseau view child development?
A
Development occurs naturally in predestined, internally regulated stages.
He referred to children as ‘noble savages’ who can become corrupted.
4
Q
What is significant about the book ‘Biographies of Infants’ published in 1787?
A
It marked the scientific study of child development, recording early developmental milestones.
This included sensory, motor, cognitive, and language behavior.
5
Q
What was Darwin’s contribution to developmental psychology?
A
He emphasized the evolutionary nature of the child’s behavior and the role of natural selection.
All species develop through natural selection.
6
Q
What did Preyer establish in the study of children?
A
A set of standards for the scientific observation of children.
He demonstrated that studying children could be both scientific and humanistic.
7
Q
Who is considered the ‘Father of the Children’s Study Movement’?
A
G. Stanley Hall
He also wrote the first book about adolescence.
8
Q
What did the Psychoanalytic Movement emphasize in developmental psychology?
A
The importance of early experiences for the development of adult personality.
Sigmund Freud was a key figure in this movement.
9
Q
What educational method did Montessori develop?
A
A method for early childhood education based on child-chosen activities in a prepared environment.
This method encourages orderly progress from simple to complex tasks.
10
Q
What did Binet and Simon contribute to developmental psychology?
A
They published the first intelligence test in 1905.
Their test aimed to assess children’s intelligence levels for effective teaching.
11
Q
What is the mechanistic or continuist paradigm in developmental psychology?
A
Development is viewed as a passive response to stimuli, focusing on quantitative changes.
Stimulus -> respeonse -> behaviour
Behavioural perspective
Locke is an antecedent of this paradigm.
12
Q
How does the organicist paradigm view human development?
A
Humans are seen as active organisms who build knowledge through interaction with reality.
This paradigm acknowledges qualitative changes in development.
13
Q
What is the dialectical paradigm in developmental psychology?
A
Development involves both qualitative and quantitative changes through social interactions.
Key figures include Vygotski and Bronfenbrenner.
14
Q
Core idea of the psychodynamic perspective
A
Development is driven by internal conflicts, instincts and unconscious processe
These often stem from childhood experiences.
15
Q
Key figures in the psychodynamic perspective
A
Freud - psychosexual stages, structural model
Erikson - 8 psychosocial stages
Anna Freud - lines of develop
Melanie Klein - object relations
Winnicott - holding, transitional objects, stages of dependency
16
Q
Core idea of behavioural perspective
A
Development results from learning through interaction w/ the environment
17
Q
Key figure of behavioural perspective
A
Pavlov, Watson - classical conditioning
Skinner - operant conditioning
Bandura - social learning theory
18
Q
Core idea of cognitive perspective
A
Children actively contrust konwledge; development happens in stages
19
Q
Key figures of cognitive perspective
A
Jean piaget - stages of development
20
Q
Core idea of contextual/integrative perspective
A
Development is shaped by how we interact with the environment
21
Q
What are Freud’s five models in psychoanalytic theory?
A
- Topographic model
- Dynamic model
- Economic model
- Structural model
- Genetic model
These models explore different aspects of personality and behavior.
21
Q
Key figures in ethological model
A
Lonrenz (imprinting, critical vs sensitive period)
21
Q
Key figures of contextual/integrative perspective
A
Lev vygotsky (socialcultural theory, ZPD, scaffolding, language as a tool for cog develop)
Urie Bronfenbrenner (bioecological model)
22
Q
What are the three parts of Freud’s structural model of personality?
A
- Id
- Ego
- Superego
Each part represents different aspects of personality and moral reasoning.
22
What are the psychosexual stages according to Freud?
* Oral Stage (0-1 year)
* Anal Stage (2-3 years)
* Phallic Stage (3-6 years)
* Latency Period (6 years to puberty)
* Genital Stage (Adolescence)
## Footnote
Each stage involves specific conflicts and focuses.
22
Core idea of ethological model
Behaviours are innate and shaped by evolution
23
Oral stage conflict
Oral stage (0-1y) -> focused on mouth, satisfaction-frustration conflict (weaning), sucking/eating/mouthing/biting.
24
Anal stage conflict
Anal stage (2-3y) -> focused on evacuation of the bowel and bladder; person must face the demand for control -> authority-rebellion conflict (sphincter control/self-control) -> interest in expelling and witholding feaces (satisfaction from defaction)
25
Phallic stage conflict
Phallic stage (3-6y) -> focused on genital area; incestous sexual feelings are dealt with. Oedipus/Electra complex, repression (thought of feeling outside of soncsciousness) and defensive identification -> Oedipal conflict (internalization of cultural norms and values - appearance of the super ego) -> interest in genitals
26
Latency period conflict
Latency period (6-puberty) -> Repressed sexual feelings, not a stage of psychosexual develop because the sexual drive does not develop further, rechanneling to activities such as school & cognitive develop -> ----- -> absence in sexual interests/concerns (little happens of any consequance)
27
Genital stage conflict
Genital stage (adolescence) -> maturation of sexual interests into adulthood -> ---- -> interest in sexual behavious and sexual realtionships.
28
What is the main driving force behind Freud's concept of psychosexual development?
The libido, which drives the pleasure-pain conflict.
## Footnote
This force influences personality development.
29
What is fixation in Freud's theory?
Stopping in the maturation process at a particular psychosexual stage.
## Footnote
It can lead to specific character traits in adulthood.
30
What are Anna Freud's six main lines of development?
* From Dependency to Emotional Self-Reliance
* From suckling to rational eating
* From wetting and soiling to bladder and bowel control
* From irresponsibility to responsibility in body management
* Egocentricity to friendship
* Capacity to play and work
## Footnote
These lines illustrate the growth of emotional and social skills.
31
What is Melanie Klein's object relations theory focused on?
The need to establish and maintain relationships with others.
## Footnote
She emphasized the mother-child relationship as crucial for psychological growth.
32
What two basic developmental orientations does Klein suggest during the first year of life?
* Paranoid-schizoid position
* Depressive position
## Footnote
These positions help the child manage emotions regarding object relations.
33
What is the paranoid position in early childhood development?
It is a state where the child begins to fear revenge from the mother, leading to the splitting of the mother’s breast and itself into good and bad parts.
## Footnote
This leads to the development of the schizoid position.
34
What are the two principal defense mechanisms activated by a child to reduce anxiety?
* Introjection: Incorporating the good parts of the object into itself
* Projection: Rejecting the bad parts of the object and the child to the external object.
35
What does the depressive position represent in child development?
It represents an advancement in the child’s maturity, where the child can consider the mother as a whole, realizing she can be both good and bad.
## Footnote
This stage typically occurs between 6-12 months.
36
What does Erikson's Psychosocial Theory emphasize in development?
It emphasizes the influence of society and culture, and the importance of the development of the ego throughout the entire life cycle.
37
How many developmental crises/conflicts does Erikson propose?
8 developmental crises/conflicts and 8 psychosocial stages.
38
What are the 8 development crises/conflicts
0-1 - trust vs mistrusts
1-3 - autonomy vs shame
3-6 - initiative vs guilt
6-adolescense - industry vs inferiority
12 - 18 *adolescense - identity vs role confusion
18-40 *young adulthood - intimacy vs isolation
40-65 Middle adulthood - generatively vs stagnation
65+ - ego integrity vs despair
39
Erikson: birth to 12m
conflict
Potential harm
positive characteristic
key social agent
Trust vs mistrust
Conflict: need for biological needs and trusting others that other will provide for our needs
Potential harm: Must learn to trust others to take care of their own basic needs; if caregivers show rejection or incongruence, the baby may perceive the world as dangerious.
Positive characteristic; hope, the world is a generally good place and obstacles can be overcome
Key social agent; principal caregiver
40
Erikson: 12m - 3y
conflict
Potential harm
positive characteristic
key social agent
Autonomy vs shame
Conflict: enjoying playing autonomously and avoiding disapproval/punishment from parents (for playing incorrectly)
Potential harm: Children must learn to be 'autonomous'. Failure to achive this independence can force the child to doubt his/own abilities and feel ashamed. Eg, trying to be autonomous and being punishing, resulting in shame.
Positive characteristic: will, ability to restrain oneself from making poor choices and making decisions that benefit the subject (me)
Key social agent; Parents
41
Erikson: 3-6y
conflict
Potential harm
positive characteristic
key social agent
Initiative vs guilt
Conflict; wanting to engage in more challenging activities and avoiding guilt for disobeying parents
Potential harm: Children try to act like adults and accept responsibilities for which they have no capacity. They set goals or undertake activities that conflict with those of their parents/family, which can make them feel guilty. To resolve it successfully; you must retain a sense of initiative and learn not to clash with the rights, privilages, and goals of others (we have limited abilities/skills).
Positive characteristic; purpose; using initiative to focus energy into activities and vocation
Key social agent; family
42
Erikson: 6- adolescente
conflict
Potential harm
positive characteristic
key social agent
Industry vs inferiority
Conflict; learning about new things and potential critisism or lack of praise from tutor
They must master importnt social and academic skills.
Potential harm: Comparison with peers. If industrious, they acquire social and academic skills to feel confident in themselves. Failing to acquire these important attributes leads to feelings of inferiority
Positive; competence, feeling capable of succeeding without feelings of inferiority or failure
Key social agent; school and peers
43
Erikson: Adolescente (12-18)
conflict
Potential harm
positive characteristic
key social agent
Identity vs role confusion/diffusion
Conflict; establishing identity despire changing physiology and the overwhelming number of choices and opportunities available
Potential harm: It represents the cut between childhood-maturity. The teenager tries to answer the question 'who am i'.Adolescense must establish basic social and occupational identities or they will remain confused about their adult roles
Positive; fidelity; the ability to commit to and pursure a goal until its conclusion (i.e. no confusion when faced w/ possible options)
Key social agent; peers
44
Erikson: Young adulthood (18-40)
conflict
Potential harm
positive characteristic
key social agent
Intimacy vs isolation
Conflict; conflict between shifting from discovering self identity to distovering intimate partner and prospect of being alone
Potential harm: The primary task is to form strong friendships and achieve a sense of love and companionship with another person. They are likely to experience feelings of loneliness or isolation as a results of an inability to form friendhips or an intimate relationship
positive; love; experience of maintaining successful, intimate realtionships that are emotionally and successfully rewarding
Key social agent. partner and friends
45
Erikson: Middle adulthood (40-65)
conflict
Potential harm
positive characteristic
key social agent
Generativity vs stagnation
Conflict; giving up time and resources to nuture children and being self-absorbed.
Potential harm: adults face the tasks of increading their productivity at work and educating their families or otherwise caring for the needs of young people. These norms of 'generativity' are defined by each culture. Those who are unable or unwiling to take on these resposibilities stagnate or fall into egocentricity.
Positive; care; making sacrifice to nurture and encourage others
key social agent; family and cultural norms
46
Erikson: Older adulthood (65+)
conflict
Potential harm
positive characteristic
key social agent
Ego integrity vs dispair
Conflict; looking into past with sense of fultilment and satisfaction & disappointment and fear of aging
Potential harm: the older adult looiks back on life, seeing it as a meaningful productive and happy experience or a major disappointment filled with unfulfilled promises and unrealized goals. One's experiences, particularly social experiences, determine the outcome of this final life crisi.
positive; wisdom; the personal reflection on the meaning and value of life
key social agent; human being
47
What is the concept of primary maternal preoccupation according to Winnicott?
The state where the mother is fully focused on the baby's needs, which is vital for the child's early development.
48
What are the two development phases outlined by Winnicott?
* Total dependency period (0-6 months)
* Relative dependency period (6-24 months).
49
What is the purpose of transitional objects in child development?
They help the child cope with separation anxiety and facilitate the differentiation of self and other.
50
What is the definition of classical conditioning?
A learning process where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus, eliciting a conditioned response.
51
What is the Law of Effect in instrumental conditioning?
An organism will tend to repeat a response that has been reinforced and eliminate a response that has been punished.
52
What are the four key terms in instrumental conditioning?
* Positive reinforcement
* Negative reinforcement
* Positive punishment
* Negative punishment.
53
What is meant by positive reinforcement?
Adding a pleasant stimulus to increase or maintain behavior.
54
Fill in the blank: Instrumental conditioning describes the development of behavior as the result of the effects of _______.
[rewards and punishment].
55
True or False: The behavioral perspective focuses on internal motivations as the primary drivers of development.
False.
56
What is instrumental conditioning?
A method of influencing behavior through rewards and punishments.
57
What is extinction in the context of instrumental conditioning?
Withholding a reward after an instrumental response.
58
What is vicarious reinforcement in social learning theory?
Learning that occurs by observing the reinforcement or punishment of others.
59
What phenomenon did Bandura, Ross, and Ross (1963) demonstrate with children and a Bobo doll?
Children imitated aggressive behavior they observed in adults.
60
What is the term for the social learning effect where individuals imitate observed behavior?
Modeling.
61
What were the outcomes of Bandura's 1965 study on vicarious reinforcement and punishment?
Children showed low levels of aggression after witnessing punishment and did not exhibit high aggression after reinforcement.
62
What are the four conditions necessary for imitation to occur according to Bandura's Social Learning Theory?
* Attention to the behavior
* Retention of the behavior
* Ability to reproduce the behavior
* Motivation to perform the behavior.
63
What does self-efficacy refer to in the context of social learning?
The ability to choose how to behave based on expectations and social norms.
64
What is Lev Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory?
A theory explaining how biological and social factors interact to influence development.
65
How does Vygotsky’s view on cognitive development differ from Piaget’s?
Vygotsky believed cognitive abilities develop differently across cultural contexts.
66
What are the basic mental functions children are born with according to Vygotsky?
* Sensory processing
* Perception
* Attention
* Memory.
67
What is the zone of proximal development (ZPD)?
The range of tasks that a child can perform with guidance but not yet independently.
68
What is scaffolding in the context of Vygotsky's theory?
The support provided by 'experts' to help a child understand a problem.
69
What role does language play in Vygotsky’s theory?
* Communication tool for support
* Intellectual tool for cognitive development.
70
What is egocentric speech according to Piaget?
Verbal monologues by children that do not facilitate communication with others.
71
How does Vygotsky define private speech?
Self-directed speech that helps a child plan and regulate their behavior.
72
What educational implications arise from Vygotsky's concept of ZPD?
* Personalised learning
* Encouraging private speech during problem-solving
* Promoting cooperative learning.
73
What is Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological theory?
A theory describing social influences as concentric circles affecting individual development.
74
What are the four systems in Bronfenbrenner's bioecological model?
* Microsystem
* Mesosystem
* Exosystem
* Macrosystem.
75
Microsystem is
Microsystem; daily activities & interactions immediately surrounding a person. Child is a active part. Relationships are bidirectional; the child and parents are both active
76
Mesosystem is
Mesosystem; the connections between elements of the microsystem. Child is not only influenced by each of the ppl of the microsystem seperately, but by how all these ppl work together.
77
Exosystem is
Exosystem; social setting that do not immediately impact a person but surround them and are important to welfare; eg school governors, board of directiors in workdplace
78
Macrosystem is
Macrosystem: the cultural values, laws, customs
and resources available to a person.
79
Chronosystem is
Chronosysmem; temporal dimension of his model; life changed can be imposed externally or can arise internally from the person, since individuals select, modify, and create many of their own settingd and experiences
80
What is the chronosystem in Bronfenbrenner’s model?
The temporal dimension that includes life changes over time.
81
What does cognitive perspective of development focus on?
The acquisition of mental processes over time.
82
Who is considered the most influential theorist in child development?
Jean Piaget.
83
What is Piaget's definition of intelligence?
A basic life function that helps an organism adapt to its environment.
84
What is cognitive equilibrium according to Piaget?
A state of balance between cognitive processes and the environment.
85
What are the two processes through which adaptation occurs according to Piaget?
* Assimilation
* Accommodation.
86
What is the Sensorimotor Stage in Piaget's cognitive development theory?
Birth to 2 years, where infants learn object permanence.
87
What characterizes the Preoperational Stage in Piaget's theory?
Development of symbolic thought and ability to represent objects not in sight.
88
What is the age range for the Concrete Operations Stage in Piaget's theory?
7 to 11 years.
89
What is the Formal Operations Stage in Piaget's theory?
11 years to adulthood, characterized by abstract and logical thinking.
90
What is 'object permanence'?
The understanding that objects and events occur in the world independently of one's own actions.
91
What age range is associated with Piaget’s Preoperational Stage?
2 to 7 years
92
What ability develops during the Preoperational Stage?
The ability to make one thing represent something else
93
What is symbolic play?
Play that represents real life, such as playing 'mummies and daddies' or 'doctors and nurses'
94
What characterizes children's thinking in the Preoperational Stage?
Egocentrism
95
What was demonstrated in Piaget and Inhelder’s Three Mountains Study?
Children described their own view of the mountains instead of the doll's view
96
What age range is associated with Piaget’s Concrete-Operational Stage?
7 to 11 years
97
What cognitive abilities are developed in the Concrete-Operational Stage?
Using logic to solve real problems and classification
98
What mathematical skills begin to develop during the Concrete-Operational Stage?
Simple additions and subtractions
99
What age range is associated with Piaget’s Formal-Operational Stage?
11 years to adulthood
100
What shift occurs in the Formal-Operational Stage?
From concrete concepts to abstract concepts
101
What type of reasoning develops during the Formal-Operational Stage?
Hypothetical and deductive reasoning
102
What is hypothetical deductive reasoning?
Applying deductive logic to abstract and hypothetical problems
103
What type of problem solving is developed in the Formal-Operational Stage?
Systematic problem solving
104
What did Piaget's pendulum problem test?
Understanding what affects the rate of swing of a pendulum
105
What is the implication of Piaget’s theory for education?
Learning is an active construction of knowledge
106
What is imprinting according to Lorenz?
The process by which newborns form a bond with the first object they encounter
107
What are critical periods in development?
Specific times when an event or its absence has a significant impact on development
108
What is the critical period for language acquisition according to Lenneberg?
Begins in early childhood and ends at puberty
109
What is the difference between critical periods and sensitive periods?
Critical periods are specific times for certain impacts, while sensitive periods are stages when learning is easier
110
What does the psychodynamic perspective focus on?
The balance between the subject’s needs and their emotions or experiences
111
What does the learning perspective emphasize?
Development as a result of interactions with the environment
112
What is Vygotsky’s sociocultural perspective of development?
Development occurs through cooperative dialogues with experts
113
What does Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Theory describe?
Social influence as concentric circles with the person at the center
114
What is the process of adaptation in Piaget’s cognitive perspective?
Assimilating new experiences and accommodating schemas
115
116
Core idea of contextual/integrative perspective
Development is shaped by how we interact with the environment
