develop unit 3 p2 Flashcards
(27 cards)
Birth (Stages 1, 2 and 3):
(what hormones are relased)
266 days post-fertilisation
Initiated by the release of:
corticotropin-releasing hormone from the placenta
oxytocin from the mother’s pituitary gland
Perinatal environment:
The environment surrounding birth, Influenced by:
medications administered to the mother during delivery
delivery practices
immediate social environment after the baby is born.
Can impact the baby’s well-being and future development.
Stage 1 of Birth:
Contractions that start occurring every 8-10 minutes and lasting about 30 seconds.
These contractions increase in frequency and duration, potentially reaching every 2 minutes and lasting for 2 minutes towards the end.
Contractions force the fetus’s head against the cervix.
Ends when the cervix is fully dilated to approximately 10 cm, the diameter of the baby’s head.
Stage 2 of Birth:
(when it starts, ends, and how long it lasts)
Commences when the baby’s head emerges from the vaginal opening.
Can last between 30 to 90 minutes and sometimes involves an episiotomy to facilitate birth.
Concludes when the baby has completely exited the mother’s body.
Stage 3 of Birth:
(what it is, how long it lasts, how long is active labor)
Expulsion of the umbilical cord (still connected to the baby) and the placenta from the mother.
This stage usually lasts only a few minutes.
The baby is born after an average of 12 hours of active labor for a first-born and 7 hours for a second-born.
Breech position:
baby is positioned feet-first or bottom-first.
Complications such as the umbilical cord becoming tangled and squeezed, potentially causing anoxia (oxygen deprivation) and brain damage.
Caesarean (C-) section:
(what it is + when its used)
Incision in the abdomen to deliver a baby.
May be used for fetuses in a breech position to prevent anoxia or in other cases of delivery complications.
Anoxia:
: A condition of oxygen deprivation, which if prolonged, can cause brain damage in a newborn, potentially occurring during a complicated delivery such as a breech presentation where the umbilical cord is compressed.
Apgar Scale:
what it is, the 5 signs, when its taken, how its assessed & 5min score
Evaluate a newborn’s physical condition shortly after birth.
It assesses five vital signs:
1. colour
2. heart rate
3. cry (reflex irritability)
4. muscle tone,
5. breathing (respiratory effort).
Each sign is scored 0, 1, or 2, and the evaluation is performed at one minute and five minutes after birth. A five-minute score of 7 or higher generally indicates the baby is okay, while a score below 7 (or any score of 0) suggests the need for emergency assistance. A perfect score of 10 is rarely attained.
Brazelton Neonatal Behavioural Assessment Scale (NBAS):
when, what, how long it lasts, no. of reflexes/behaviour, categories, +
Administered during the first two days after birth - evaluates a newborn’s neurological development and responsiveness to environmental stimuli.
It lasts approximately 30 minutes and measures 20 inborn reflexes and 26 behaviours categorized into:
1. interactions with others
2. motor behaviours
3. physiological control,
4. physiological responses to stress.
Parent participation in the NBAS can improve early parent-child connection and help parents understand their baby’s abilities and preferences.
Prechtl’s Assessment of General Movements:
what, how, when, normal vs abnormal patterns
Detects symptoms of cerebral palsy by evaluating the functionality of the nervous system through the observation of spontaneous movements
From early fetal life until around 6 months old.
These general movements are complex, frequent, and involve the whole body.
Abnormal patterns:
1. persistent “cramp-synchronised” movements (rigid and not smooth)
2. absence of “fidgety” movements (small, moderate speed, variable movements), can reliably predict cerebral palsy.
Inborn reflexes:
A series of involuntary, automatic responses to specific stimuli that are present from birth. These reflexes can be categorized as survival reflexes (having clear adaptive value, e.g., breathing, sucking, eyeblink) and primitive reflexes (considered remnants of evolutionary history with less obvious adaptive value, e.g., Babinski, Moro, stepping). The disappearance of certain primitive reflexes during the first few months of life is a sign of healthy nervous system development
Survival reflexes:
Inborn reflexes that have a clear adaptive value for the newborn’s survival. Examples include the breathing reflex (repetitive inhalation and exhalation), the sucking reflex (sucking on objects in the mouth), the rooting reflex (turning the head towards a touch on the cheek), and the eyeblink reflex (closing eyes to protect from bright lights).
Primitive reflexes:
Inborn reflexes that are thought to be remnants of our evolutionary history and are generally not as crucial for immediate survival as survival reflexes. Examples include the
Babinski reflex (fanning of toes when the foot is stroked), the
Moro reflex (extension of arms and arching of the back in response to a loud noise or sudden change in head position),
the stepping reflex (stepping motions when held upright with feet touching a surface),
the swimming reflex (stretching out arms and legs when held horizontally or placed in water),
the palmar grasping reflex (curling fingers around objects touching the palm), the
asymmetrical tonic neck reflex (fencing posture in response to head turning), and
the glabellar reflex (eyeblink response to tapping the forehead).
The disappearance of these reflexes is typically an indication of normal neurological development as the cerebral cortex matures.
Low birthweight:
: A condition where a newborn weighs less than the average range (3.2-3.4 kg, with an optimal range of 3-5 kg). It is a source of complications for the developing baby and is a key factor in postnatal survival, potentially associated with underdeveloped vital organs and sometimes caused by pre-term birth or the baby being small-for-gestational-age (SGA).
Small-for-gestational-age (SGA):
A term used to describe babies who are born with a lower weight than expected for their gestational (developmental) age. SGA can be a cause of pre-term birth and is associated with a greater chance of developmental abnormalities compared to pre-term babies with expected weight for their gestational age.
Colostrum:
The thick, nutrient-rich fluid produced by the mother’s breasts shortly after birth, before mature breast milk comes in. It is loaded with immune, growth, and repair factors and is provided during the first breastfeeding, often within the “golden hour”.
Golden hour:
: The first 60 minutes of a baby’s life, considered a critical period for maximizing bonding between mother and child through skin-to-skin contact and breastfeeding.
Interoceptive orientation:
A state that predominates in newborns, characterized by an orientation towards their own bodily sensations and self-centred activity.
States of arousal
: Different levels of alertness and activity that newborns cycle through, becoming progressively more differentiated throughout the day. These include deep sleep, light sleep, drowsiness, alert inactivity, alert activity, and crying.
Basic emotions in newborns:
Subjective reactions associated with physiological and behavioural changes that appear in the first months of life. These include joy, sadness, anger, fear, surprise, disgust, dislike, and interest, and they serve protective functions.
Cyanosis:
A bluish discolouration of the skin, often seen in newborns, due to high levels of unoxygenated hemoglobin in the cardiovascular system. The skin typically turns pink as blood reoxygenates after the brief oxygen deprivation during the birth process.
Reflex irritability:
A component of the Apgar Scale, assessed by the baby’s responses (cry) when secretions in the oropharynx and nasopharynx are suctioned. A strong cry is generally a positive sign.
Muscle tone
A component of the Apgar Scale that evaluates the degree to which the baby shows active motion of arms, legs, and body. Strong, active movement is scored positively.
