Develop unit 5 Flashcards
(93 cards)
1
Q
What is the age range for preschool years?
A
Approximately 2.5 to 5/6 years
2
Q
How much do infants grow in height and weight from 2 to 6 years?
A
Gain approximately 30 cm in height and 8 kg in weight
3
Q
What is the average height and weight of a 6-year-old child in developed countries?
A
Height >110 cm and weight between 13-23 kg
4
Q
What factors influence growth and maturation in children?
A
- Genetic inheritance
- Exercise and daily physical activity
- Social class
- Physical deficiencies/illnesses
- Trauma and abuse
- Nutrition
5
Q
True or False: A very high level of training in children can lead to more growth.
A
False
6
Q
What is the role of the corpus callosum in motor development?
A
Allows communication between the left and right hemispheres
7
Q
At what age does myelination of the corpus callosum occur at a high rate?
A
Between 3-6 years
8
Q
What is lateralisation in brain function?
A
Specialization of each cerebral hemisphere for certain functions
9
Q
What is the percentage of adults that prefer to use the right hand?
A
90%
10
Q
By what age is handedness typically well established?
A
By 2-3 years
11
Q
List some gross motor skills a 3-year-old can perform.
A
- Jump with both feet
- Walk downstairs
- Kick and throw a ball
- Copy simple shapes
12
Q
What are the four main stages of Piaget’s Cognitive Development Theory?
A
- Sensorimotor Intelligence (Birth to 2 years)
- Preoperational Thought (2 to 7 years)
- Concrete Operations (7 to 11 years)
- Formal Operations (11 to adulthood)
13
Q
What characterizes preoperational thought in children aged 2 to 7 years?
A
Inability to use logical operations and reasoning processes
14
Q
What is the symbolic function in preoperational thought?
A
The ability to make one thing represent something else
15
Q
What is egocentrism in the context of preoperational thought?
A
Understanding the world only from one’s own perspective
16
Q
What is the Three Mountains Study used to demonstrate?
A
Children’s egocentrism and inability to understand others’ perspectives
17
Q
Fill in the blank: Preoperational children struggle with the concept of _______.
A
Conservation - recognition that an objects properties (lik qty), don’t change when its appearance is altered
18
Q
What are the two cognitive abilities necessary to understand conservation according to Piaget?
A
- Decentration - focus on more than one aspect of a problem
- Reversibility - ability to mentally reverse an action
19
Q
What is the significance of the symbolic function in cognitive development?
A
Allows handling of mental representations about objects
20
Q
Define ‘signifier’ and signified
A
Signifier - phonetic represenation of a word
Signified - conceptual or semantic meaning
21
Q
What is the symbolic tool: signals or indexes
A
Signifier is directly linked to the signified (eg; smoke signifies fire)
22
Q
What is the symbolic tool: symbols
A
Motivated relationship or greater distance from the signified than a signal (eg; drawing of a horse, using a stick as a horse in play) It takes more imagination or learned understanding to make the connection.
23
Q
What is the symbolic tool: Signs
A
Arbitrary signifiers with no direct relation to the signified (eg; mathematical signs, most words in language)
The word “dog” doesn’t look or sound like an actual dog — we just agreed that this sound means that animal.
24
Q
What is delayed imitation?
A
remembering and copying something after a delay, not right away.
25
What is symbolic play?
Producing situations in a symbolic way, giving meaning to elements
26
At what age does the ability to use differentiated signifiers begin to develop?
Around 1.5 years
27
What begins to develop around 1.5 years of life?
The ability to use differentiated signifiers, i.e., symbols and signs
## Footnote
This marks the onset of symbolic thought.
28
Define mental imagery.
Internal images that can be evoked without having the situation in front of us
## Footnote
They can be visual, auditory, gustatory, olfactory, or tactile.
29
What does drawing involve beyond copying reality?
The use of an internal image, reflecting more of what the child knows about the object than what they see
## Footnote
Drawing emerges as a motor activity and is closely related to language.
30
What characterizes the symbolic capacity that appears at 15-18 months?
The ability to communicate through intentional gestures and words
## Footnote
This includes playing games outside their usual context.
31
What is rough-and-tumble play?
Active play that mimics aggression without the intention to harm
## Footnote
Observed in various species, it promotes physical development and emotional regulation.
32
What are the six categories of play behavior proposed by Mildred Parten?
* Unoccupied play - child not involved
* Onlooker play - child watches others
* Solitary play - child plays alone
* Parallel play - children play similarly w/out interacting
* Associative play - children interact in the same activity
* Cooperative play - children interact in a coordinated way, sharing, taking turns
## Footnote
These categories reflect the progression of social skills in play.
33
What is functional play?
Simple, physical activities with or without toys, such as running or jumping
## Footnote
This type of play occurs during the first two years of life.
34
What is make-believe play?
Acting out various roles and plots, emerging after simpler forms of symbolic play
## Footnote
It encourages exploration of social roles and emotional regulation.
35
What is constructive play?
Involves creating or building a tangible object or representation
## Footnote
Examples include using building blocks or drawing.
36
What happens to vocabulary development by 12 months?
Infants utter their first words
## Footnote
This marks the beginning of language development.
37
What is the naming explosion & naming insight
Realization that names apply to everything, not just immediate objects
| eg questions like "what's that?"
38
What is fast-mapping in language development?
The process of quickly acquiring a word after hearing it applied to its referent on a small number of occasions
## Footnote
Children often hear the word once and categorize it.
39
Define overextension in language development.
Using one word to refer to a wide variety of objects or events
## Footnote
For example, calling all four-legged furry animals 'doggies'.
40
What does the term underextension refer to?
Using a general term to refer to a smaller range of objects
## Footnote
For example, calling only the household dog 'doggy'.
41
What is the typical vocabulary range for a 3-year-old?
Between 1000-5000 words, with sentence lengths up to 8 words
## Footnote
Grammar progresses with the use of conjunctions and adverbs.
42
What is implicit memory?
Retrieving memories without being consciously aware of it
## Footnote
It relates to well-learned, automatic skills.
43
What is explicit memory?
Conscious recollection of previously learned or memorized information
## Footnote
It includes episodic and semantic memory.
44
What is episodic memory
Memory for events or episodes (eg; what you had for breakfast)
45
What is semantic memory
General knowledge and facts not unique to the subjects (eg; number of players in football)
46
What three processes does memory involve
* Encoding (transforming sensory into into storable represenations)
* Storage (maintaing encoded info)
* Retrieval (recovering stored info)
47
What is the visual paired comparison (VPC) task?
A task where infants are shown a visual stimulus, then presented with familiar and unfamiliar stimuli to measure recognition memory
## Footnote
It helps assess memory development in infants.
48
What does the development of memory in infants suggest?
Infants prefer looking at new, interesting stimuli over familiar ones, indicating some degree of memory
## Footnote
This was systematically studied using the preferential looking method.
49
What is preferential looking
Infants looking shorter at familiar stimuli
50
At what age do 1-year-olds need more time than 4-year-olds to encode information?
1-year-olds need more time than 4-year-olds to encode information
## Footnote
1-year-olds require 10 seconds to recognize familiar stimuli, while 4-year-olds need only 5 seconds.
51
What was the performance of 4-year-olds on the VPC recognition test after 24 hours?
4-year-olds needed only 5 seconds of encoding time to recognize the familiar stimulus after 24 hours
## Footnote
They could recognize it after 10 seconds encoding a week later.
52
What encoding time was necessary for 1-year-olds to recognize stimuli after 24 hours?
30 seconds of encoding time was necessary for 1-year-olds to recognize stimuli after 24 hours
## Footnote
They could not recognize stimuli after 1 week regardless of encoding time.
53
What does increased familiarization time do to long-term retention?
Increases the duration of long-term retention
## Footnote
This suggests that memory retrieval depends on encoding time.
54
At what age can 6-month-old children recognize previously viewed stimuli?
6-month-olds can recognize previously viewed stimuli after a delay of 20 seconds
## Footnote
By 9 months, they can recognize stimuli after delays of 2-3 minutes.
55
What is infantile amnesia?
The phenomenon where very few adults have memories from before the age of 3.5 years
## Footnote
It is unclear if this is due to immature encoding, storage, or retrieval.
56
How does language development relate to memory retention in infants?
Language is still relatively rudimentary until ~3 years old, affecting how memories are stored
## Footnote
Memories may be encoded without meaningful verbal tags, making them inaccessible later.
57
What basic emotions do babies show at birth?
Interest, distress, disgust, and contentment
## Footnote
By 2 months, social smiles in response to caregivers emerge.
58
What complex emotions develop between 18 to 24 months?
Embarrassment, shame, guilt, envy, and pride
## Footnote
These emotions involve the enhancement or damage to one's sense of self.
59
What is social referencing in infants?
The ability to use others' emotional expressions as a guide for behavior
## Footnote
For example, a child will play near a smiling stranger but avoid play if the stranger looks fearful.
60
What is theory of mind (ToM)?
The ability to predict what another person believes in a given situation and how they might behave
## Footnote
It is important for managing social interactions and understanding others’ intentions.
61
What two cognitive abilities are necessary for developing ToM?
* Understanding what the other person wants (desire)
* Understanding what the other person believes to be true (belief)
## Footnote
These abilities are foundational for social cognition.
62
At what age does gaze following develop in infants?
Around 8 months
## Footnote
This indicates awareness of where another person is looking.
63
What is proto-declarative pointing and when does it develop?
Pointing to confirm knowledge of where another person is looking, developing around 12 months
## Footnote
This ability enhances social communication.
64
At what age do children develop a sense of private self and public self?
Around 2 years
## Footnote
Children begin to understand that external expressions may not reflect internal feelings.
65
What does belief-desire reasoning entail?
Understanding that people hold beliefs as well as desires, influencing their behavior
## Footnote
This develops around 3 years of age.
66
What principle develops around 3-4 years regarding knowledge?
The principle of 'seeing leads to knowing'
## Footnote
Children understand that what a person knows depends on what they have seen.
67
What is meta-representation in pretend play?
The ability to separate what is true from what someone is pretending
## Footnote
This develops around 3-4 years of age.
68
What is the Sally-Anne task used to study?
Understanding of false beliefs
## Footnote
It assesses if children can identify what another person believes to be true.
69
At what age do children generally begin to understand false beliefs?
Around 4 years
## Footnote
Children younger than 4 often cannot answer belief questions correctly.
70
What is the smarties task designed to assess?
Understanding of false beliefs in others
## Footnote
It shows how children predict another child's belief about the contents of a tube.
71
What significant changes occur in children’s social behavior around 6 years of age?
Increased time spent with friends and more complex social interactions
## Footnote
This leads to a better understanding of second-order states.
72
What is second-order false belief?
Understanding that others have beliefs about what someone else believes
## Footnote
This develops as social interactions become more complex.
73
What brain maturation occurs during early childhood?
Maturation of the corpus callosum
## Footnote
This allows better communication between brain hemispheres.
74
What cognitive development happens according to Piaget during early childhood?
Development from reflexive, sensorimotor beings to preoperational beings
## Footnote
Preoperational children can use symbols to express thoughts and understand conservation.
75
What significant change occurs in children's language ability by age 6?
Children use complex grammar and can construct infinitely long sentences
## Footnote
This marks a vast improvement from simple two or three-word sentences at age 2-3.
76
What emotional developments occur between ages 3 to 6?
Increased emotional maturity and understanding of others' emotions
## Footnote
This promotes competent behavior in social interactions.
77
What does conservation refer to in developmental psychology?
Something can change without there being a change in quantity.
78
At what age do children typically string together sentences of two or three words?
2 to 3 years old.
79
By what age are children using complex grammar and infinitely long sentences?
6 years old.
80
How does emotional maturity change between 3 to 6 years?
Children's understanding of emotions in others promotes competent behavior in social interactions.
81
What basic emotions do children show at birth?
Distress.
82
What complex emotion do children typically show by 2 years?
Embarrassment.
83
What is the theory of mind (ToM)?
The ability to understand other people’s beliefs and how they behave according to these beliefs.
84
How can ToM be measured?
By assessing the child’s ability to understand that other people may hold false beliefs, as shown by the Sally-Anne task.
85
What are the different forms of play that develop during early childhood?
Rough-and-tumble, between family members, or between peers.
86
How does play evolve during early childhood?
From solitary to parallel to enacting complex social interactions and dramas using role-play.
87
What role does play have in a child's development?
It helps prepare the developing child to perform in social interactions.
88
Who is the author of 'The Developing Person Through Childhood and Adolescence'?
K. S. Berger.
89
What is the title of the book by Gillibrand, Lam, and O’Donnell?
Developmental Psychology.
90
Which edition of 'Developmental Psychology' was published by Shaffer and Kipp?
9th edition.
91
Fill in the blank: The improved use of ______ coincides with vast improvement in language ability.
symbols
92
True or False: Children develop an understanding of complex emotions before basic emotions.
False.
93
What is the significance of the Sally-Anne task?
It assesses a child's understanding of false beliefs.
