Motivation and emotion U6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13 Flashcards
(166 cards)
1
Q
What are the three broad perspectives in motivation psychology?
A
Biological, Behavioral, Cognitive
2
Q
Which approaches are currently receiving the most attention from researchers in motivation psychology?
A
Biological and Cognitive approaches
3
Q
How do biological theories understand motivation?
A
As the cause that elicits behavior, biologically determined
4
Q
What do biological theories analyze to establish causal relationships with behavioral variables?
A
Genetic history, personal history, physiological correlates
5
Q
What is natural selection according to Charles Darwin?
A
Individuals with advantageous genetic traits are more likely to survive and reproduce
6
Q
What does creationism propose about the origin of species?
A
It holds that species origin is due to a divine or supernatural act
7
Q
What does Lamarckism suggest about evolution?
A
Organisms evolve through the transmission of acquired characteristics
8
Q
What is the theory of use and disuse in evolutionary theories?
A
Body parts that are used are maintained and developed; unused parts atrophy
9
Q
What is the main goal of motivated behaviors from an evolutionary perspective?
A
Adaptation to increase chances of survival and reproduction
10
Q
What is ethology?
A
A branch of biology studying behavior in natural environments
11
Q
What are the two phases of instinctive behavior in ethology?
A
Appetitive phase and Consummatory phase
12
Q
What occurs during the appetitive phase of behavior?
A
The individual carries out actions to achieve a desired goal
13
Q
What is the consummatory phase of behavior?
A
Execution of specific behavioral patterns once the goal is achieved
14
Q
What does Lorenz’s hydraulic model explain about behavior?
A
Behavior probability increases with energy accumulation
15
Q
What is homeostasis?
A
A dynamic balance that adjusts to internal and external changes
16
Q
What are the two theories founded to locate the functioning of homeostasis?
A
Peripheral Theories and Central Theories
17
Q
What do impulse theories suggest about behavior?
A
Behavior is driven by an internal energy arising from needs
18
Q
What is the definition of motivation?
A
Forces that act on or within an organism to initiate and direct behavior
19
Q
What are incentives in the context of motivation?
A
Goal objects that motivate behavior and guide actions
20
Q
What did Pavlov’s classical conditioning demonstrate?
A
Neutral stimuli can acquire motivational potential through association
21
Q
What is positive reinforcement?
A
Adding a situation you enjoy to increase behavior likelihood
22
Q
What is negative reinforcement?
A
Eliminating a situation you hate to increase behavior likelihood
23
Q
What is positive punishment?
A
Adding a situation you hate to decrease behavior likelihood
24
Q
What is negative punishment?
A
Eliminating a situation you enjoy to decrease behavior likelihood
25
What role does reinforcement play in behavior?
It increases the likelihood of recurrence of behavior in the future
26
What can influence the probability of occurrence of motivated behavior according to observational learning?
Observing the consequences of a model's behavior
27
What are the three broad perspectives in motivation psychology?
* The biological
* The behavioral
* The cognitive
28
What does the cognitive perspective in motivation psychology emphasize?
The interaction of perceptual, attentional, emotional, and memory processes in analyzing and interpreting stimuli.
29
Who introduced the concept of latent learning?
Edward C. Tolman
30
Define latent learning.
Learning that occurs without immediate manifestation in observable behavior.
31
What is psychological distance according to Kurt Lewin?
The individual's perception of the distance between their current state and the desired goal.
32
How does psychological distance influence motivation?
The closer the individual perceives the goal, the greater their motivation to achieve it.
33
What do aspiration levels represent?
What an individual wants to achieve.
34
What are expectations in the context of motivation?
The individual's estimates of their ability to achieve goals.
35
What are the two factors that Rotter suggests determine behavior?
* Values
* Expectancies
36
What do values refer to in Rotter's theory?
The importance a person assigns to a goal compared to other available options.
37
What are expectancies in Rotter's theory?
Beliefs about the likelihood that behavior will lead to a specific outcome.
38
What is the coercion effect in social motivation?
Motivation and performance increase due to the direct action of others competing on the same task.
39
What is the audience effect in social motivation?
Influence manifested through observation or evaluation.
40
How does the observer's status impact response activation?
Higher perceived status leads to greater response activation.
41
Define diffusion of responsibility.
The phenomenon where the presence of others decreases the sense of individual responsibility.
42
What is conformity?
The tendency of individuals to respond in a manner consistent with the majority.
43
What is obedience in social motivation?
Performance of actions in response to instructions from someone with power or authority.
44
When are individuals more likely to conform?
When motivation is low and they have little interest in the outcome.
45
What is cognitive consonance?
A harmonious relationship between thoughts, beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors.
46
What is cognitive dissonance?
A conflictive relationship between thoughts, beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors.
47
What motivates individuals to resolve cognitive dissonance?
The experience of tension.
48
What is flow in the context of leisure motivation?
An emotional state of intense gratification and fascination during activities.
49
What conditions are necessary to achieve a flow state?
A balance between the challenging activity and the individual's skills.
50
What is the focus of Reversal Theory in leisure motivation?
People switch between different motivational states based on the situation.
51
Define Telic states.
Motivational states directed towards achieving a long-term goal.
52
Define Paratelic states.
Motivational states seeking immediate gratification without prolonged effort.
53
What are emotions?
Emotions are multidimensional phenomena that arise as reactions to important life events.
54
What are the five eternal questions regarding emotions?
* What is an emotion?
* What causes an emotion?
* How many emotions are there?
* What is good about emotions?
* What is the difference between emotion and mood?
55
What dimensions are included in the definition of emotions?
* Subjective
* Social
* Biological
* Intentional
56
What does the sentimental component of emotions refer to?
It refers to the meaning and personal importance of the emotion.
57
What is the intentional component of emotions?
It guides actions to confront situations.
58
What does the body stimulation component of emotions involve?
Physiological activation, body preparation for action, and motor responses.
59
What is the social-expressive component of emotions?
It refers to how emotions are communicated through postures, gestures, and facial expressions.
60
How are emotions related to motivation?
Emotions act as motivators by energizing and directing behavior.
61
What is the function of joy in emotional context?
Joy signals social inclusion and progress toward goals.
62
What is the cognitive perspective on emotions?
Individuals cannot respond emotionally unless they first cognitively evaluate the meaning of an event.
63
What is the biological perspective on emotions?
Emotional reactions can occur without cognitive appraisals.
64
What is Robert Plutchik's emotion feedback loop model?
It integrates six elements: cognition, arousal, feelings, preparation for action, expressive displays, and overt behavior.
65
What are the two main reasons emotions end?
* The significant life event is removed
* Emotions prompt coping behaviors that help manage the event
66
What are primary emotions according to the biological orientation?
* Anger
* Fear
* Sadness
* Disgust
* Joy
* Surprise
67
What triggers fear as an emotion?
The perception of a threat to well-being and anticipation of harm.
68
What does sadness arise from?
Experiences of separation or failure.
69
What is the purpose of anger as an emotion?
To increase energy and the feeling of control against injustice.
70
What is the function of disgust?
To actively reject and discard undesirable aspects of the environment.
71
What is joy's role in social interactions?
It strengthens relationships and facilitates interaction.
72
What is the difference between emotion and mood?
* Background: Emotions come from significant life situations while moods arise from unknown processes.
* Action specificity: Emotions influence behavior, while moods influence cognition.
* Time course: Emotions are brief, moods last longer.
73
What is the coping function of emotions?
Emotions evolved to help animals survive and adapt to their environment.
74
What social functions do emotions serve?
* Communicate feelings to others
* Influence interactions
* Invite and facilitate social interaction
* Create, maintain, and dissolve relationships
75
Fill in the blank: Emotions are _______ phenomena related to feelings, stimulation, intention, and expression.
short-term
76
What is one question to analyze your own emotions?
What is the function of that emotion?
77
What is the emotional feedback loop according to Plutchik?
A dynamic process composed of cognition, arousal, feelings, preparation for action, expressive displays, and overt behavior.
78
What are the four dimensions to analyze an emotion?
* Feeling
* Social
* Biological
* Intentional
79
What are the biological systems involved in emotions?
C.N.S., Endocrine System, Neural Circuits, Neural Discharge Rate, Facial Feedback
## Footnote
These systems interact to produce emotional responses.
80
What does the James-Lange hypothesis propose?
The body reacts first to stimuli, leading to emotional experiences
## Footnote
This theory states that physiological reactions precede emotional experiences.
81
Critique the James-Lange theory according to Cannon-Bard.
Physiological changes have little influence on emotions; emotions occur faster than physical changes
## Footnote
Critics argue that emotions share common bodily reactions.
82
What is the Facial Feedback Hypothesis?
Facial expressions influence emotional experiences and intensity
## Footnote
There are strong and weak versions of this hypothesis regarding facial feedback.
83
True or False: Facial expressions of emotion are universal.
True
## Footnote
People from different cultures can identify the same facial expressions with the same emotions.
84
What are the two components of the Two-Factor Theory (Schachter-Singer)?
Physiological arousal and cognitive aspects
## Footnote
This theory suggests that both arousal and cognition shape emotional experiences.
85
What does Richard Lazarus' Theory emphasize in emotional evaluation?
Personal relevance, alignment with personal goals, self-involvement, and coping skills
## Footnote
It expands the evaluation process beyond just 'good versus bad.'
86
What is orexis?
Impulses, desires, and action tendencies that drive behavior after emotional evaluation
## Footnote
Orexis explains motivation, even in the absence of visible action.
87
Fill in the blank: Emotional expression can be _______ or _______.
automatic; controlled
## Footnote
Emotional expression varies in spontaneity and control.
88
What is the role of evaluation-appraisal in the emotional process?
It is necessary for experiencing an emotion, but not sufficient on its own
## Footnote
Evaluation must be accompanied by physiological changes for emotions to manifest.
89
Can we experience emotions without being aware of them?
Yes
## Footnote
Emotional processes can occur without conscious awareness, leading to physiological responses.
90
What is the difference between emotional experience and emotional expression?
Emotional experience is subjective, while emotional expression is the external manifestation of feelings
## Footnote
You can feel an emotion without expressing it and vice versa.
91
What does the emotional process involve?
Multiple components including physiological responses, evaluation, and subjective experience
## Footnote
Emotions are adaptive and occur in response to stimuli.
92
What factors influence how we express emotions?
Biology, learned behaviors, social and cultural norms
## Footnote
Expression of emotions is shaped by both innate abilities and social learning.
93
True or False: Emotions are the same as moods.
False
## Footnote
Emotions are temporary and adaptive, while moods are more stable and lasting.
94
What is the significance of the physiological response in the emotional process?
It is a necessary and sufficient condition for emotions to occur
## Footnote
Physiological changes must accompany evaluation for the emotional process to take place.
95
What is the impact of non-conscious perception on emotional processes?
Stimuli can trigger emotional processes without conscious awareness
## Footnote
Non-conscious perception can activate responses even if the individual is unaware.
96
How do cultural norms influence emotional regulation?
Cultural norms affect which emotions individuals choose to regulate based on societal expectations and values.
## Footnote
For example, some cultures may encourage the expression of happiness while discouraging sadness.
97
What is the extent to which emotional regulation strategies should be taught at the university level?
Emotional regulation strategies should be taught at the university level as both an individual and collective responsibility.
## Footnote
This includes providing resources for students to understand and manage their emotions effectively.
98
What does the statement 'what you think about your emotions matters' imply?
This implies that our perceptions and thoughts about our emotions can significantly influence how we cope with difficult situations.
## Footnote
Changing thought patterns may lead to healthier emotional responses.
99
How would you help a patient reappraise a rejection from their dream college?
Encourage the patient to view the rejection as an opportunity for growth and exploration of alternative paths.
## Footnote
Cognitive reappraisal strategies may include focusing on personal strengths and future possibilities.
100
What kind of cognitive reappraisal strategies might be useful for emotional regulation after a rejection?
Useful cognitive reappraisal strategies may include:
* Finding positive aspects of the situation
* Identifying alternative goals
* Reflecting on past successes
101
What are biological formulations in the study of emotion based on?
The ideas of Darwin, especially in his work 'The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals'
## Footnote
This work emphasizes the adaptive value of body movements and facial expressions associated with emotions.
102
What is the role of subcortical areas in the experience of emotion?
They are essential in the experience of emotion and represent basic adaptive processes present before the complete development of the Central Nervous System
## Footnote
These processes are found in many animals.
103
What areas are increasingly recognized in current neurobiology regarding emotions?
Neocortical areas
## Footnote
The relationship between hemispheres also impacts emotional functioning.
104
What two ways to study the neurobiology of emotions did Borod and Madigan propose?
Interhemispheric: laterality and Intrahemispheric: Anterior-posterior/Neocortical - Subcortical (limbic)
## Footnote
These approaches highlight different aspects of emotional processing.
105
What is the function of the amygdala in emotional processing?
It receives sensory information from all modalities and is in contact with the hippocampus, basal ganglia, and hypothalamus
## Footnote
These structures are important for memory, attention processes, and neuroendocrine regulation.
106
What are the two neurobiological systems that process emotional information in the amygdala?
Long route and Short route
## Footnote
The long route allows detailed analysis, while the short route provides a faster response.
107
What characterizes the connections between the amygdala and the cortex?
They are bidirectional and asymmetrical, broader and more solid from the amygdala to the cortex
## Footnote
This influences the potential for inhibition of emotions.
108
What happens to projections from the thalamus regarding the amygdala and sensory cortex?
Projections activate both the sensory cortex and the amygdala simultaneously
## Footnote
The amygdala also influences the processing of sensory information.
109
Fill in the blank: The amygdala can resolve a form of action before the information arrives from the _______.
sensory cortex
## Footnote
This allows for a rapid response to threatening stimuli.
110
What role does the amygdala play in processing emotional information?
It acts as a filter for emotional information
## Footnote
This influences how cortical areas process stimulation.
111
True or False: The amygdala provides a more detailed emotional response than the short route.
False
## Footnote
The short route provides a faster but less elaborate emotional response.
112
What question does the text raise about our understanding of emotions?
Do we understand emotions correctly?
## Footnote
This question invites further exploration into biological theories of emotion.
113
What is the main question regarding the study of emotion?
Is it really necessary to study emotion as an independent field of study, or is it always linked to cognition?
114
What does Mandler's theory of emotion focus on?
Emotional behavior, intensity, perception/interpretation, quality, physiological activation, cognitive interpretation of the stimulus, and emotional awareness.
115
According to Zajonc, can emotion occur without cognition?
Yes, emotion can occur without cognition.
116
List three characteristics of emotions as per Zajonc.
* Emotions are inevitable
* They are difficult to alter once they occur
* They are difficult to verbalize
117
What is the relevance of cognition in affect?
Assessment is a prior and necessary step for an emotional process to occur.
118
What are the three components of the affect-cognition interaction model?
* Stimulus
* Assessment
* Emotion
119
What are the two valuation pathways in affect-cognition interaction?
* Computed (bottom-up)
* Reinstated (top-down)
120
Define the computed valuation pathway.
Analyzing the significance of external stimuli and situations that affect us at the moment they occur.
121
Define the reinstated valuation pathway.
Automatically reconstructing the appraisal made on a previous occasion when faced with a similar situation.
122
What is categorization based on the prototype?
Categorization by comparing to a prototype, which is the best or most typical example of a category.
123
Provide an example of prototype-based categorization.
Thinking of a sparrow or pigeon when considering the category 'bird' instead of a penguin.
124
What is categorization based on theory?
Categorization based on deeper knowledge or theories about how the world works, considering causes, functions, relationships, and context.
125
Give an example of theory-based categorization.
Classifying a whale as a mammal instead of a fish due to its characteristics such as giving birth to live young.
126
What does rules-based processing involve?
Organizing information and situations according to symbolic structures or established rules.
127
What is associative processing?
Organizing situations and events according to subjective similarity and temporal contiguity with other events in an individual's experience.
128
What is the behavioral function of preparation for immediate action?
Being ready to react quickly to an emotionally significant situation.
129
What does adaptive flexibility in emotional response mean?
Adapting consciously and flexibly to different emotional situations, adjusting the emotional response according to the situation.
130
What are the basic emotions?
Fear, anger, disgust, contempt, sadness, joy, and interest
## Footnote
These emotions are inherent to everyone, regardless of age, gender, culture, or historical context.
131
What triggers fear?
Physical or psychological threats
## Footnote
Examples include snakes and hostile facial expressions.
132
What is the main function of fear?
Protection
## Footnote
It drives the impulse to flee or freeze in the face of danger.
133
How do fear and anxiety differ?
Fear is tied to a clear threat; anxiety is linked to vague threats
## Footnote
Fear motivates specific coping actions, while anxiety produces general arousal.
134
What are the four main categories of phobias?
* Interpersonal fears
* Fear of death/injury/illness
* Animal phobias
* Agoraphobic fears
## Footnote
Phobias have evolutionary roots related to historical threats to survival.
135
What motivates anger?
Removal of obstacles, self-defense, and assertion of control
## Footnote
Anger is about confrontation, unlike fear which leads to avoidance.
136
What are the nine validated domains that trigger disgust?
* Spoiled food
* Bodily waste
* Animals
* Sexual behaviors
* Death
* Gore
* Poor hygiene
* Disreputable people
* Moral violations
## Footnote
Disgust develops with age and culture.
137
What is contempt and its core trigger?
A sense of moral superiority over another
## Footnote
Contempt enforces social hierarchy.
138
What useful functions does sadness serve?
* Turns attention inward
* Motivates repair
* Promotes social cohesion
## Footnote
Sadness encourages maintaining social bonds.
139
How does sadness differ from depression?
Sadness has motivational and social benefits; depression is debilitating and isolating
## Footnote
Depression results from rumination over prolonged sadness.
140
What are the functions of joy?
* Facilitates social bonding
* Reduces stress
* Acts as a buffer to distressing events
## Footnote
Joy strengthens social connections.
141
What motivates interest?
Novelty, complexity, and curiosity
## Footnote
Interest drives exploration and learning.
142
What are self-conscious emotions?
Shame, guilt, embarrassment, and pride
## Footnote
These emotions arise from self-evaluation rather than clear antecedents.
143
What is the primary motivational response to shame?
To withdraw or hide
## Footnote
Shame aims to protect the self and restore a positive self-view.
144
How does guilt differ from shame?
Guilt focuses on behavior; shame focuses on self-worth
## Footnote
Guilt motivates reparative actions, while shame leads to withdrawal.
145
What triggers embarrassment?
Perceived compromise of social image
## Footnote
It can arise from both negative and positive situations.
146
What are the two types of pride?
* Authentic pride
* Hubristic pride
## Footnote
Authentic pride is linked to accomplishments; hubristic pride is associated with arrogance.
147
What is envy?
A painful emotion arising from social comparison
## Footnote
It can motivate actions to reduce perceived differences.
148
What is gratitude?
A positive emotion arising from receiving valuable assistance
## Footnote
It serves as a benefit detector.
149
What does hope involve?
A wish for a desired goal to be attained
## Footnote
Hope keeps individuals focused and engaged in goal pursuit.
150
What is schadenfreude?
Pleasure taken in another's misfortune
## Footnote
It arises when the other is disliked or deemed deserving of the misfortune.
151
What do disappointment and regret stem from?
The failure of a desired outcome to materialize
## Footnote
They prompt reflection on 'what might have been.'
152
What is schadenfreude?
A feeling of pleasure derived from another person's misfortune
## Footnote
Typically arises when the other person is disliked or deemed deserving of the misfortune.
153
What is the difference between disappointment and regret?
Disappointment arises from unmet expectations, while regret involves recognizing a better alternative choice
## Footnote
Disappointment reflects powerlessness; regret carries personal responsibility.
154
What emotional state does disappointment lead to?
Resignation and passive acceptance
## Footnote
It reflects a lack of strong personal responsibility.
155
What does regret motivate individuals to do?
Make better choices in the future
## Footnote
Regret is more motivating than disappointment.
156
Define empathy.
The ability to feel and share another person’s emotional state
## Footnote
Involves feeling what others feel and desiring their well-being.
157
What are the two main components of empathy?
* Feeling what the other person feels
* Desiring the other to feel better
158
What are the two key antecedents of empathy?
* Mimicry
* Perspective Taking
159
How does empathy influence prosocial behavior?
It enhances closeness and fosters an approach-based motivation to help others
## Footnote
Perspective-taking alone leads to moderate prosocial behavior, but combined with empathic concern, the motivation to help is stronger.
160
What is personal distress?
A self-focused, aversive emotional response that leads to distancing oneself from the situation
## Footnote
It does not generate the same desire to help as empathy.
161
What does happiness denote?
A subjective state of mental well-being
## Footnote
Involves perceiving life positively.
162
What are the two aspects of happiness according to research?
* Happiness is a process arising from actions
* It is advantageous for effective life functioning
163
What is subjective well-being?
A process related to happiness and life satisfaction
## Footnote
It arises from actions rather than possessions.
164
What are basic emotions characterized by?
Adaptive functions like protection and social order maintenance
## Footnote
They motivate continued efforts and encourage exploration.
165
What do self-conscious emotions relate to?
Self-evaluation and social interaction
## Footnote
Aim to restore the self and enhance motivation.
166
What are cognitively complex emotions tied to?
Evaluating others' situations or behaviors
## Footnote
They drive prosocial actions and promote well-being in social relationships.
