Personality U1-2-3 Flashcards
(164 cards)
1
Q
What did Freud specialize in during his medical studies?
A
Neurology
2
Q
What was Freud’s first solo authored book?
A
The interpretation of dreams (1900)
3
Q
What motivates all human activity according to psychoanalytic theory?
A
Psychic energy
4
Q
What are the basic instincts identified by Freud?
A
*Sex
*Aggression
5
Q
What is Eros in psychoanalytic theory?
A
Desire to satisfy a need or obtain pleasure
6
Q
What is Thanatos in psychoanalytic theory?
A
Desire to destroy, hurt, or assault others or oneself
7
Q
What is the difference between conscious, preconscious, and unconscious?
A
*Conscious: Aware thoughts and feelings
*Preconscious: Retrievable information
*Unconscious: Hidden thoughts and desires
8
Q
psychic determinism:
A
Nothing happens by chance; all actions express the mind
9
Q
What are Freudian slips?
A
Unconscious motivations expressed through mistakes in speech
10
Q
What are the three structures of personality according to Freud?
A
*Id
*Ego
*Superego
11
Q
What does the Id represent in Freud’s model?
A
Reservoir of psychic energy seeking immediate pleasure
12
Q
What is the role of the Ego in personality?
A
Limits the Id to reality and develops problem-solving strategies
13
Q
What function does the Superego serve?
A
Internalizes societal values and morals
14
Q
What are the types of anxiety according to Freud?
A
*Objective anxiety
*Neurotic anxiety
*Moral anxiety
15
Q
What is repression in the context of defense mechanisms?
A
Preventing unacceptable thoughts from reaching conscious awareness
16
Q
What is denial as a defense mechanism?
A
Refusing to acknowledge reality or facts
17
Q
What is rationalization in defense mechanisms?
A
Generating acceptable solutions to unacceptable situations
18
Q
What is displacement in defense mechanisms?
A
Redirecting an unacceptable impulse to a less threatening source
19
Q
What is sublimation?
A
Channeling instincts towards socially accepted activities
20
Q
What are the psychosexual stages of personality development?
A
*Oral stage
*Anal stage
*Phallic stage
*Latency stage
*Genital stage
21
Q
What is fixation in the context of psychosexual stages?
A
Getting ‘stuck’ at a stage due to unresolved conflict
22
Q
What is the main conflict in the oral stage?
A
Breast or bottle withdrawal
23
Q
What is the main conflict in the anal stage?
A
Control over bowel movements
24
Q
What is the Oedipal complex?
A
Unconscious wish to have the mother to oneself by eliminating the father
25
What is the Electra complex?
Counterpart to the Oedipal complex in females, involving penis envy
26
What is the purpose of dreams according to Freud?
To satisfy impulses and fulfill unconscious longings
27
What are projective techniques in psychoanalysis?
Methods where individuals project their personalities onto ambiguous stimuli
28
What is a criticism of Freud's research methods?
Based primarily on case studies with little scientific validation
29
True or False: Freud believed personality is determined by age 5.
True
30
What is the 'talking cure' associated with?
Freud's psychoanalytic approach
31
What is the primary goal of psychoanalysis?
Release the unconscious to deal with desires and memories
32
Fill in the blank: Freud's view of human nature was primarily __________.
[negative and impulsive]
33
What is the focus of the Neo-Analytic Movement in contemporary psychoanalysis?
Child development, relationships, and conflicts
34
According to the Neo-Analytic Movement, how is the role of the unconscious viewed compared to Freud's perspective?
Broad role of the unconscious but not as much as Freud maintained
35
What does the Neo-Analytic Movement suggest about the influence of childhood on adult relationships?
Important role of childhood in the development of adult relationships
36
What is a key belief regarding personality development in the Neo-Analytic Movement?
Not only about controlling impulses but also relating to others in a mature way
37
What is the debate surrounding motivated repression of memories?
Not all recovered memories are false or true
38
Who suggests that self-help books can influence the creation of false memories?
Elizabeth Loftus
39
What does constructive memory imply about how memories are formed?
The mind adds or subtracts from what is remembered
40
How do contemporary views on the unconscious differ from Freud's theory?
The unconscious can affect how we act, even if we’re not choosing to act that way on purpose
41
What is the central conflict in Erikson's first stage of development?
Basic Trust versus Mistrust
42
What outcome results from successful resolution of the trust versus mistrust conflict?
Development of a sense of security and confidence - hope
43
What is the central conflict in Erikson's second stage of development?
Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt
44
What is the focus of the conflict in Erikson's third stage of development?
Initiative vs Guilt
45
What is the central conflict in Erikson's fourth stage of development?
Industry vs Inferiority
46
What is the primary conflict during Erikson's 14-18 stage?
Identity vs Role Confusion
47
What is the focus of the conflict in Erikson's young adult stage?
Intimacy vs Isolation
48
What is the central conflict in Erikson's middle-age adult stage?
Generativity vs Stagnation
49
What does the final stage of Erikson's development focus on?
Ego integrity vs Despair
50
What concept did Karen Horney challenge in Freudian psychoanalysis?
Paternalistic ideas and penis envy
51
What did Horney emphasize regarding personality development?
Cultural and historical determinants
52
What is the primary focus of Object Relations Theory?
Social relationships originating in childhood
53
What are the three attachment styles identified in early childhood attachment?
* Secure attachment
* Anxious or ambivalent attachment
* Avoidant or evasive attachment
54
What is the significance of early childhood attachment styles in adult relationships?
They influence the styles of adult relationships
55
Can negative early parenting experiences be overcome according to Object Relations Theory?
Yes, later positive experiences can compensate
56
What is the relationship between childhood attachment styles and adult relationships?
Childhood attachment styles are related to the styles of adult relationships
## Footnote
Research indicates that early attachment experiences can influence adult relationship dynamics.
57
Can negative childhood experiences affect adult attachment styles?
Yes, even the most unfortunate parenting experiences can be overcome
## Footnote
Later positive experiences can compensate for early negative relationships.
58
What can an adult do regarding their working model in object relations?
An adult can review their working model in object relations
## Footnote
This involves reflecting on and possibly altering their attachment style.
59
What do motives do?
They generate states of need or tension within the person, who seeks to reduce that tension.
60
Why are motives considered 'intrapsychic'?
Motives are intrapsychic because they come from inside your mind, are often unconscious, and push you to act when something is missing or needed—even if you’re not fully aware of it.
61
Who is Henry Murray?
Henry Murray (1893-1988) was a psychologist known for his work on needs, press, and apperception, contributing to the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT).
62
Define the concept of 'need' according to Henry Murray.
internal states that activate and direct behaviour toward specific goals, often generated by a deficit
| A need is a mental “itch” that you’re motivated to scratch.
63
What is 'press' in Murray's theory?
Aspects of the environment relevant to the need, including
Alpha press (real environment)
Beta press (perceived environment).
64
What is 'apperception' in Murray's theory?
Interpreting environment and perceiving meaning of the events.
65
What is the need for achievement (nAch)?
The desire to do better, be successful, and feel competent, motivated by challenges of moderate difficulty.
66
What characterizes individuals with high levels of nAch?
They enjoy tasks for which they are personally responsible and prefer tasks with available feedback on their performance.
67
How can the need for achievement be promoted in children?
By setting tough but age-appropriate standards, applauding successes, acknowledging failures without dwelling on them, and stressing the motive to succeed.
68
What is the need for power (nPow)?
The desire to have an impact on others, related to control, influence, and recognition.
69
What behaviors are associated with high nPow?
Faster recognition of others' expressions, arguments with others, being elected as a delegate, and taking risks.
70
Define the need for intimacy (nInt).
The desire for strong, satisfying relationships, characterized by warm, close, and communicative interactions.
71
What traits are associated with individuals high in intimacy?
They spend more time thinking about relationships, report pleasant emotions, smile, laugh, and engage in more eye contact.
72
What is the humanistic tradition in psychology?
It focuses on knowing your needs, making choices, and taking responsibility to build a meaningful and satisfying life.
73
Who is Abraham Maslow and what is his key contribution?
Abraham Maslow (1908-1970) formulated the need for self-actualization and proposed a hierarchical order of needs.
74
What are the levels of Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
* Physiological - importance of immediate survival
* Safety - place to live, free of danger
* Belongingness - being accepted by other & belonging
* Esteem
* Self-actualization - developing one's own potential
75
What is the importance of lower needs in Maslow's hierarchy?
Lower needs are more powerful and pressing when not satisfied than higher needs.
76
What are Carl Rogers' contributions to psychology?
He focused on promoting self-actualization through client-centered therapy and emphasized unconditional positive regard.
77
What characterizes a fully functioning person in Rogers' view?
They are on the path to self-actualization, trust themselves, accept themselves, and are in touch with their emotions.
78
What is the role of anxiety in Rogers' theory?
Anxiety indicates that something is not right, often arising when experiences do not fit the self-concept.
79
True or False: Maslow's theory is based heavily on research.
False. It is based more on theory than research, though some studies support its principles.
80
Self actualization is
associated with the desire to develop one's own potential.
81
What is the definition of personality according to Allport?
Personality is the way a person's mind and body systems are organized and work together to shape how they uniquely think, feel, and behave in response to the world around them.
| Allport = INNER SYSTEMS in ACTION
## Footnote
Allport emphasized the dynamic and organizing aspects of personality.
82
How does Eysenck define personality?
Personality is the more or less stable and enduring organization of a person’s character, temperament, intellect and physique, which determines his unique adjustment to his/her environment.
| Eysenck = STABLE TRAITS
## Footnote
Eysenck focused on stability and organization in personality.
83
According to Catell, what does personality allow us to do?
Personality is that which permits a prediction of what a person will do in a given situation, concerned with all the behaviour of the individual, both over and under the skin.
| Cattell = PREDICTION OF BEHAVIOR
## Footnote
Catell's definition emphasizes prediction of behavior.
84
What are the key components of personality as defined by Larsen & Buss?
Personality is a set of traits and mental processes inside a person that are fairly consistent over time and help them respond to their thoughts, surroundings, and relationships.
| Larsen & Buss = TRAITS + MECHANISMS that SHAPE ADAPTATION
## Footnote
This definition highlights the traits and mechanisms that influence interactions and adaptations.
85
Easy way to differnetiate the four definitions of personality
Allport, Eysenck, Cattell, Larsen & Buss
Allport = Active systems (mind + body)
Eysenck = Enduring traits (stable structure)
Cattell = Can predict behavior
Larsen & Buss = Long-lasting Behavioral patterns + Mechanisms
86
What are the characteristics of traits in personality psychology?
Traits describe average trends, are useful for describing, explaining, and predicting behavior.
## Footnote
Traits are not always active or consistent.
87
What is the difference between a trait and a state?
A trait is a tendency towards a certain behavior (e.g., a tendency towards anger), while a state is a temporary emotional response (e.g., being angry).
## Footnote
This distinction is important for understanding personality consistency.
88
What does 'interaction person environment' refer to?
It includes perceptions, selections, evocations, and manipulations.
## Footnote
This concept explains how personality affects interactions with the environment.
89
List the four key processes in the interaction person environment.
* Perceptions
* Selections
* Evocations
* Manipulations
## Footnote
Each process illustrates how personality influences behavior and social environments.
90
What does perceptions refer to?
How we interpret a situation in the environment. E.g., Two people see the same thing.
91
What does selection refer to
How we choose the situations in which we get involved. E.g., Hobbies, partner, career...
92
What does evocation refer to?
Reactions that we generate in others. (to some extent we create the social environment in which we live)
93
What is meant by the 'uniqueness of the individual' in personality analysis?
Each individual has personal qualities not shared by anyone in the world.
## Footnote
This emphasizes the uniqueness of each person's personality.
94
What are the three levels of personality analysis?
* Human nature
* Individual and group differences
* Uniqueness of the individual
## Footnote
These levels help categorize personality traits and mechanisms.
95
What is the divide regarding personality theories?
There is a gap between the analysis of human nature and the analysis of group and individual differences.
## Footnote
Human nature: what do people have in common
Group & individual: what is different
96
What does parsimony refer to in personality theories?
Parsimony refers to the principle of Ockham's Razor, which suggests that the simplest explanation is usually the best.
## Footnote
This principle helps to evaluate the complexity of theories.
97
What makes us different from other people?
Our personality traits or dispositions.
98
What are traits in personality psychology?
Aspects of personality that are stable over time and coherent across different situations.
99
What are the two basic formulations of a trait?
* Internal properties causing behaviors - causes of behaviour
* Descriptive summaries of a person's behavior - descriptions of behaviour
100
What does it mean or suggest when we say traits are internal causes of behavior?
Traits influence behaviors based on inner needs, impulses, or desires.
101
What is the 'Act Frequency Formulation of Traits'?
way of understanding personality traits by looking at how often someone performs certain actions that reflect that trait.
102
What are the three key elements to identify traits from the Act Frequency approach?
* Act Nomination - listing behaviours that might fall into a category
* Prototypicality Judgment - determining which behaviours are most representative of the trait
* Recording Act Performance - gathering info about real-life behaviour.
103
What is the Lexical Approach in identifying important traits?
If a trait is important in human life, people will have developed words for it in their language.
104
What criteria does the Lexical Approach use to identify important traits?
* Synonym frequency
* Cross-cultural universality.
105
What is the Statistical Approach in trait identification?
It involves gathering items and using factor analysis to identify and group them.
106
What does the Theoretical Approach in trait identification do?
Determines which traits are important based on theoretical frameworks.
107
What are Eysenck’s three super-traits in the PEN Model?
* Psychoticism
* Extraversion
* Neuroticism.
108
What characterizes individuals high in Psychoticism according to Eysenck?
Emotionally aggressive, egocentric, antisocial behaviors.
109
What characterizes individuals high in Extraversion?
Sociable, enjoy parties, and have a high level of activity.
110
What characterizes individuals high in Neuroticism?
Emotionally unstable, anxious, irritable, with a tendency to depression.
111
What is the Big Five Model?
Extraversion, Openness, Agreeableness, Neuroticism, Conscientiousness.
112
What does high Extraversion indicate?
Sociability, assertiveness, and a preference for social interactions.
113
What does high Agreeableness indicate?
Empathy, trust, and a tendency to care about others' well-being.
114
What does high Conscientiousness indicate?
Diligence, organization, and a strong sense of duty.
115
What does high Neuroticism indicate?
Emotional instability, anxiety, and difficulty coping with stress.
116
What does high Openness indicate?
Imagination, curiosity, and a willingness to explore new experiences.
117
Fill in the blank: The three fundamental approaches to identifying important traits are the ________, ________, and ________ approaches.
[Lexical, Statistical, Theoretical]
118
What is a limitation of Eysenck’s PEN Model?
It may have overlooked some important traits.
119
What do individuals low in Neuroticism tend to exhibit?
Calmness, emotional stability, and resilience.
120
What is the significance of the Act Frequency approach in trait psychology?
It emphasizes observable behaviors as indicators of personality traits.
121
What is a characteristic of individuals who score high in emotional stability?
They recover quickly from emotionally intense experiences
## Footnote
Emotional stability is associated with resilience in stressful situations.
122
People who score high in openness tend to be _______.
[imaginative, curious, and enjoy exploring new ideas and experiences]
123
What is a trait of individuals who score low in openness?
They prefer routine and traditions
## Footnote
They feel more comfortable with the familiar.
124
What are the facets of the HEXACO model associated with agreeableness?
Tendency to be fair and authentic in dealing with others
## Footnote
This includes cooperating with others, even when one could manipulate them.
125
What is the additional sixth factor found in the HEXACO model?
Honesty-Humility
126
What behavior might be predicted by high conscientiousness?
Saving money
127
What behavior might be predicted by low agreeableness?
Exploitative and manipulative actions
128
What type of interests do people who score high in openness typically have?
Varied interests and unconventional experiences
129
Fill in the blank: People who score low in openness tend to have a more _______ way of thinking.
[concrete]
| focusing on the literal, physical, and obvious meaning of things
130
What is a key characteristic of individuals who are high in emotionality?
They may become involved in criminal activity when scoring low
131
What are the two main authors associated with the Big Five Model?
McRae and Costa
132
What is the primary focus of the HEXACO model?
Understanding personality traits across multiple languages and cultures
133
What are the traits that might predict risky sexual behaviors?
Low conscientiousness and high extraversion
134
What do individuals with low emotional stability tend to experience?
High levels of anxiety and worry
135
What do trait theories share as important assumptions about personality traits?
Three important assumptions:
* Meaningful differences among individuals
* Stability over time
* Consistency across situations
## Footnote
These assumptions form the basic foundation for trait psychology.
136
What is the focus of trait psychologists?
Determining how people differ from each other
## Footnote
Any meaningful way in which people differ may be identified as a personality trait.
137
What does the trait perspective emphasize in personality measurement?
A quantitative approach focusing on how much an individual differs from average abilities, aptitudes, and intelligence
## Footnote
Accurate measurement is a historical concern of trait psychology.
138
What is meant by stability over time in personality traits?
There is a degree of stability in personality over time, despite changes due to major life events
## Footnote
Stability is often the rule rather than the exception in the absence of significant life changes.
139
How can a trait be stable yet manifest differently in behavior?
The manifestation of traits can change significantly, even if the underlying trait remains stable
## Footnote
For example, disagreeableness may lead to different behaviors in childhood versus adulthood.
140
What does the equation B = f(S) represent?
Behavior is a function of the situation
This indicates that behavior may differ due to situational factors rather than personality traits.
141
What does the equation B = f(SxP) signify in personality psychology?
Behavior is a function of the interaction between situation and personality
This reflects the idea that personality traits interact with situational forces to produce behavior.
142
What are the two main concepts related to person-situation interaction?
Situational selection and evocation
## Footnote
Situational selection is the tendency to choose situations, while evocation refers to how certain traits can elicit responses from others.
143
What does aggregation refer to in the context of personality assessment?
The process of averaging multiple observations to obtain a reliable measure of a personality trait
## Footnote
This method provides a better understanding of personality than relying on a single observation.
144
What is an example of personality assessment application in the workplace?
Personnel selection
## Footnote
Companies use personality tests to improve workforce effectiveness.
145
What are integrity tests in the context of personality assessments?
Tests that assess counterproductive behavior in previous jobs, such as theft and absenteeism
## Footnote
These can be overt or covert tests that measure related personality traits.
146
What is a significant issue with the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)?
Lack of predictive or incremental validity
## Footnote
Systematic reviews have concluded that MBTI does not provide reliable measures for personality.
147
What is the purpose of Hogan's Personality Inventory (HPI)?
Developed to assess traits that influence business performance, supported by research
## Footnote
HPI is based on the widely accepted Big 5 model and has demonstrated predictive validity.
148
What is a common criticism of the MBTI regarding personality classifications?
It forces people into rigid categories that may not accurately reflect their personality
## Footnote
This simplification can overlook the complexity of individual personalities.
149
What is defined as individual differences that emerge very early in life?
Temperament
## Footnote
Temperament is often related to emotionality or arousability and has a heritable basis.
150
What is the level of stability of temperament during the first year of life?
Moderate levels of stability
## Footnote
Stability tends to be higher over short intervals than long intervals.
151
How does personality stability change during childhood?
Predictability decreases over time
## Footnote
Early life measures can predict personality later, but the accuracy diminishes.
152
At what age do marked individual differences in aggression typically emerge?
By the age of 3
## Footnote
Individuals maintain rank order stability in aggression over the years.
153
What is the trend of personality consistency as individuals age?
Increases with age
## Footnote
Average consistency during teenage years was +.47, increasing to +.75 by the fifties.
154
What personality traits show high levels of rank order stability in adulthood?
Traits of the B5
## Footnote
This includes traits like Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism.
155
What does mean level stability indicate in terms of personality traits?
Little change does not mean no change
## Footnote
Individual differences and context can lead to varying trends.
156
Can the B5 dispositions be modified through therapy?
Yes
## Footnote
Examples include drug rehabilitation programs showing changes in Neuroticism, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness.
157
What has been observed about self-esteem changes from ages 14 to 23?
No relevant changes
## Footnote
This stability suggests a consistent self-esteem level across this age range.
158
How did societal changes in the 1930s through the 1990s affect women's roles?
Shifted from self-sufficiency to domestic roles, then increased workforce participation
This affected levels of assertiveness and dominance among women.
159
What are some characteristics of narcissism?
Self-centred, exhibitionistic, grandiose, lacking empathy
## Footnote
Ongoing debate exists about whether children today are more narcissistic.
160
What are strong predictors of marital dissatisfaction and divorce?
Neuroticism, lack of impulse control, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness
## Footnote
These traits are linked to emotional disturbances and substance use.
161
What personality trait is related to better academic achievement?
Conscientiousness
## Footnote
Low impulsivity correlates with better grades and academic success.
162
Which personality trait is associated with health and longevity?
Extraversion
## Footnote
It relates more to positive affect facets, impacting overall health.
163
What does the term 'coherence' refer to in personality psychology?
Prediction of socially relevant outcomes
Coherence means that your personality traits are connected to real-life results.
## Footnote
This includes outcomes like marital stability and academic success.
164
Can we predict who is likely to change in personality?
Yes
## Footnote
Considerations include the choice of marriage partner and its effects on personality stability or change.
