Motivation and emotion U1-2-3-4-5 Flashcards
(118 cards)
1
Q
What is motivation?
A
At its core, motivation is described as a desire for change, either within oneself or in one’s environment.
2
Q
What are the forms that motivation can manifest in?
A
- Changing behavior
- Changing thoughts
- Changing feelings
- Changing self-concept
- Changing the environment
- Changing relationship dynamics
3
Q
What is the objective of a theory of motivation?
A
To explain what motivational processes are and how they work to energize and direct behavior.
4
Q
What questions does the study of motivation aim to answer?
A
- What causes behavior?
- Why does behavior vary in its intensity?
5
Q
What is the misconception regarding self-esteem in motivation?
A
Self-esteem is often believed to drive good outcomes, but evidence shows it’s a result, not a cause, of life’s successes.
6
Q
What can incentives and rewards undermine?
A
Intrinsic motivation and can lead to compliance rather than genuine engagement.
7
Q
What are the three internal processes that give behavior its energy, direction, and persistence?
A
- Needs
- Cognitions
- Emotions
8
Q
Define ‘motive’ in the context of motivation.
A
A motive is an internal process that energizes, directs, and sustains behavior.
9
Q
What are primary needs?
A
Physiological needs such as hunger and sleep.
10
Q
What are secondary needs?
A
Psychological and social needs such as power and achievement.
11
Q
What do cognitions influence in motivation?
A
They shape how a person thinks and approaches tasks.
12
Q
What are the four components of emotions?
A
- Feelings
- Arousal
- Purpose
- Expression
13
Q
What are external events in the context of motivation?
A
Environmental, social, and cultural offerings that affect a person’s internal motives.
14
Q
Name the five tell-tale ways to measure motivation.
A
- Behavior
- Engagement
- Psychophysiology
- Brain activations
- Self-report
15
Q
What does behavioral engagement involve?
A
The effort and persistence a person shows in a task.
16
Q
What does psychophysiology study?
A
The interaction between psychological states and physiological changes.
17
Q
What are the advantages of self-report in measuring motivation?
A
- Directly assesses individual perceptions
- Easy to administer
- Can target specific motivational aspects
18
Q
What are some challenges of self-reporting in motivation?
A
- Discrepancy between self-reported motivations and actual behavior
- Inconsistencies between stated feelings and physiological indicators
19
Q
What is motivation closely linked to?
A
Survival and its social dimension
Motivation is not only about life and death but also encompasses social interactions.
20
Q
What does motivation explain?
A
Why behaviors occur, such as a cat scratching a box or a teenager studying during summer.
21
Q
What is the first phase of the motivational process?
A
Choice of target/objective
22
Q
What are the components associated with the choice of target?
A
- Intensity of the Motive
- Incentive Attractiveness
- Subjective Probability of Success
- Striving for the Goal
23
Q
What does behavioral dynamism refer to?
A
Activities carried out by an individual to achieve an objective.
24
Q
What is the third phase of the motivational process?
A
Completion or control over the action performed
25
What does completion or control over the action involve?
Analyzing the result achieved with the actions executed.
26
In the example of Carlos, what is his goal?
To run a 5K race in three months.
27
What is Laura's goal in her example?
To create a piece of work for a student exhibition.
28
What is necessary for the motivational process to be triggered?
The presence of a stimulus.
29
What is the role of perception in motivation?
It allows the individual to notice the existence of a stimulus.
30
What influences the choice of goal and decision to act?
* Desire/Need
* Value
* Expectation of Success
31
What does activation in the motivational process begin with?
Detection of a need or desirable stimulus.
32
What is selective activation?
Activation of only the systems necessary to address a need.
33
What is the purpose of direction in motivation?
To choose the objective and instrumental behaviors leading to the goal.
34
What does progress monitoring involve?
Comparing the current situation with the desired situation.
35
What is homeostasis?
The process by which organisms maintain internal equilibrium in response to external changes.
36
What is the role of negative feedback in motivated behavior?
Regulates and stops behavior once a need is satisfied.
37
What is the relationship between necessity and demand?
Inverse relationship; greater need results in less demand.
38
What are the two phases of motivated behavior according to Craig (1918)?
* Appetitive (Approach) Phase
* Consummatory Phase
39
What does the appetitive phase involve?
Heterogeneous movements aimed at obtaining a goal.
40
What characterizes the consummatory phase?
Homogeneous, instinctive behaviors to achieve the goal.
41
What must motivation be considered as?
An adaptive process.
42
Fill in the blank: The motivational process starts with the presence of some internal or external _______.
[stimulus]
43
What does motivated behavior consist of?
Phases of approach and execution.
44
What happens after the execution of motivated behavior?
Verification of congruence, attribution of causes, and generalization.
45
What are the levels of complexity for analyzing motivation?
Physiological, Individual, Social, Philosophical
46
What are the three main measurement techniques for motivation?
Observable behavior, Physiological responses, Subjective states
47
What is the most common measure of observable behavior in animals?
Response rate: Number of times the behavior is emitted in a given time
48
What is meant by 'accuracy' in measuring observable behavior?
Number of successes/misses; degree of efficiency in performing a task
49
What are some behavioral indicators of motivation?
Persistency, Accuracy, Response Time
50
What limitations exist in measuring observable behavior?
Variability of Response Time, Differentiating errors from successes
51
What are possible solutions to the limitations of observable behavior measurement?
Provide clear instructions, Schedule practice trials, Use self-control designs
52
What physiological changes are observed in response to stimulating situations?
Cardiovascular measures, Electrodermal activity
53
What does electrodermal activity measure?
Functioning of endocrine sweat glands in response to stimuli
54
What is the difference between exosomatic and endosomatic measurements?
Exosomatic involves an external stimulus; Endosomatic does not
55
What cardiovascular measures are relevant to physiological responses?
Heart rate, Blood flow, Blood pressure
56
What are limitations of physiological responses as measures of motivation?
Indirect measures, Indices of various psychological processes, Questionable significance
57
What solutions can improve the validity of physiological measures?
Using multiple measures, Continuous measurement
58
What is self-reporting in the context of motivation assessment?
Standardized techniques where subjects report their own activity
59
What types of self-reporting techniques are commonly used?
Interviews, Questionnaires, Self-records, Self-observation
60
What are the three study purposes of self-reports?
Analyze basic motives, Check situational interactions, Analyze variable relationships
61
What are the limitations of self-reports?
Limited validity, Social desirability, Different naming for internal states
62
What solutions can address the limitations of self-reports?
Inclusion of lie scales, Use of complementary tests, Complement with interviews
63
What is a need?
A need is any condition inherent to the person that is essential and necessary for life, development, and well-being.
64
What happens when needs are neglected or frustrated?
Neglect or frustration of needs can produce damage that disrupts physical or psychological well-being.
65
What are the three types of needs?
* Physiological needs
* Psychological needs
* Social needs
66
What are physiological needs?
Physiological needs include thirst, hunger, sleep, and sexual behavior.
67
What are psychological needs?
Psychological needs include autonomy, competence, and affinity.
68
What are social needs?
Social needs include achievement, intimacy, and power.
69
How do physiological needs arise?
Physiological needs are inherent to everyone.
70
How do psychological needs arise?
Psychological needs are inherent to everyone.
71
How do social needs arise?
Social needs depend on the social environment.
72
What is the difference between deficiency motivation and growth motivation?
Some needs generate deficiency motivation, while others generate growth motivation.
73
What is drive theory?
Drive theory posits that physiological deprivations create biological needs that generate psychological drive.
74
What are the seven core regulatory processes in the drive cycle?
* Need
* Drive
* Homeostasis
* Negative feedback
* Multiple inputs/multiple outputs
* Intraorganismic mechanisms
* Extraorganismic mechanisms
75
What are intraorganismic mechanisms?
Intraorganismic mechanisms include all biological regulatory systems within the person that activate, maintain, and terminate biological needs.
76
What are extraorganismic mechanisms?
Extraorganismic mechanisms include environmental influences that activate, maintain, and terminate psychological drive.
77
What is Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
Maslow's hierarchy is a well-known organization of needs that proposes a sequential fulfillment of needs from basic to higher levels.
78
What are some criticisms of Maslow’s theory?
* Not based on formal research
* Lack of scientific evidence for hierarchy
* Pyramid representation not created by Maslow
* Suggests rigidity and linearity
* Needs cannot be classified in a single way
* Assumes lower needs must be fulfilled before higher ones
* Generalizes human motivation without considering differences
79
How is thirst regulated?
Thirst is regulated by the body's water volume, with a 2% drop causing thirst and a 3% loss leading to dehydration.
80
What influences drinking behavior?
* Taste
* Environmental stimuli
* Cultural prescriptions
81
What are the three reasons for drinking?
* Thirst-related water replenishment
* Nonthirst-related sweet taste
* Nonthirst-related attraction to a substance in the water
82
What are the main mechanisms regulating hunger?
* Homeostatic mechanisms
* Metabolic mechanisms
83
What are the roles of the lateral and ventromedial hypothalamus?
* Lateral hypothalamus promotes ingestion
* Ventromedial hypothalamus is responsible for satiety
84
What external factors influence eating behavior?
* Time of day
* Stress
* Sight, smell, appearance, and taste of food
85
What is cognitive control in eating?
Cognitive control involves overriding biological hunger cues to meet personal or cultural expectations.
86
What is the main issue with cognitive control in dieting?
Cognitive control lacks a negative feedback system, making dieters prone to binging.
87
What is the homeostatic function of sleep?
Sleep is a motivational system essential for maintaining physiological and psychological health.
88
What factors can influence sleep behavior?
* Diet
* Medications
* Mental disorders
* Emotional reactions
89
What are some tips for better sleep hygiene?
* Establish a regular sleep schedule
* Limit naps to 45 minutes
* Avoid alcohol and caffeine before bedtime
* Use comfortable bedding
* Block noise and light
90
What differentiates human sexual behavior from that of other species?
In humans, sexual behavior is influenced by situational variables, behavioral habits, moral values, and previous experiences.
91
What is sexual orientation?
Sexual orientation is a continuum from exclusively heterosexual to bisexual and then to purely homosexual, influenced by genetic and environmental factors.
92
Is homosexuality derived from parental influences?
False. Homosexuality is not derived from a dominant mother and a weak father or from exposure to an older same-sex seducer.
93
Why do people often fail at self-regulation of physiological needs?
People underestimate the power of biological drives and set unrealistic standards.
94
What is the key to successful self-regulation?
Realistic standards, long-term goals, and monitoring one's own actions.
95
What is a need?
A condition inherent to the person that is essential and necessary for life, development, and well-being.
96
What happens when needs are neglected or frustrated?
It results in harm that disrupts physical or psychological well-being.
97
What do motivational states provide?
The impetus to act before harm is done to psychological and bodily well-being.
98
What are psychological needs?
Needs that urge us to explore, learn, and seek challenges for emotional growth and satisfaction.
99
What are the two characteristics of psychological needs?
* Organic
* Based on a dialectic between the person and the environment
100
What differentiates physiological needs from psychological needs?
Physiological needs arise from biological deficiencies; psychological needs drive proactive willingness to seek emotional and cognitive fulfillment.
101
What does autonomy refer to in the context of psychological needs?
The psychological need to experience self-determination and personal ratification in one's behavior.
102
What are the three experiential qualities defining autonomy?
* Perceived locus of causality
* Volition
* Perceived choice
103
What is perceived locus of causality?
Understanding the causal source of motivated actions, varying between internal and external.
104
What does volition mean?
The free willingness to engage in an activity.
105
What is perceived choice?
The sense of choice in flexible environments, as opposed to obligation in rigid environments.
106
What is the need for competence?
The need to interact effectively with the environment and master optimal challenges.
107
What are key environmental events involving the need for competence?
* Optimal challenge
* High structure
* High tolerance for failure
108
What is flow in the context of competence?
A psychological state characterized by maximum enjoyment and intense concentration when challenge and ability are high.
109
What is relatedness?
The need to establish close emotional ties and bonds with other people.
110
What is necessary to satisfy the need for relatedness?
Social ties that involve understanding, accepting, liking, valuing, and caring.
111
What are social needs?
Needs we are not born with but develop through socialization and individual experiences.
112
What are the three types of social needs?
* Achievement
* Affiliation
* Power
113
What is the need for achievement?
The desire to do well according to a standard of excellence.
114
What influences the need for achievement?
* Realistic standards of excellence
* Positive attitude towards achievement
* Stimulating home environment
115
What does the need for affiliation refer to?
The desire to establish, maintain, or restore positive affective relationships with others.
116
What is the need for power?
The desire to influence or control the physical and social world according to one's vision.
117
What are quasi-needs?
Transitory needs that disappear once the situational demand that provokes them is satisfied.
118
Name four additional acquired needs proposed by researchers.
* Need for cognition
* Need for closure
* Need for structure
* Uncertainty orientation
