Develop unit 4 Flashcards
(104 cards)
1
Q
How much do newborns change by 2 years of age?
A
They quadruple in weight, mature emotionally, and can say full sentences.
2
Q
What is sensation?
A
Detecting elementary properties of a stimulus.
3
Q
What precedes perception?
A
Sensation.
4
Q
When does hearing develop during prenatal development?
A
During the final trimester.
5
Q
What is the newborn hearing test called?
A
Automated otoacoustic emission (AOAE) test.
6
Q
True or False: Newborns can locate the exact source of a sound.
A
False.
7
Q
What significant development occurs at 4 months regarding hearing?
A
Infants attend to voices and develop expectations of speech.
8
Q
What is the visual acuity of a newborn?
A
20/600 vision.
9
Q
At what age do infants typically achieve 20/20 vision?
A
By 9 months.
10
Q
What is depth perception?
A
Ability to judge the distance of objects from one another and from ourselves.
11
Q
What does the visual cliff experiment measure?
A
Infants’ ability to distinguish deep from shallow surfaces.
12
Q
What is the externality effect?
A
The tendency of very young infants to focus on the outside of a figure.
13
Q
How do newborns perceive human faces?
A
They initially do not show an innate preference for faces.
14
Q
What is the palmar grasping reflex?
A
An innate reflex that allows newborns to grasp objects placed in their hands.
15
Q
What is gross-motor development?
A
Involves large movements that coordinate many parts of the body.
16
Q
What is the order of motor skill development?
A
Cephalo-caudal and proximo-distal direction.
17
Q
What is fine motor development?
A
Involves small body movements, mainly control over hands and fingers.
18
Q
What is myelinisation?
A
Coating neurones in myelin to increase efficiency of neural impulses.
19
Q
How does myelinisation occur prenatally?
A
Spinal cord -> hindbrain -> midbrain ->forebrain
20
Q
What is a schema according to Piaget?
A
An organized pattern of thought or action that helps interpret experiences.
21
Q
What are the two most important achievements of sensorimotor intelligence?
A
Intentionality - child acts on things using relations between objects
Permanence of the object - “even if i cant see the object, it exists”
22
Q
What characterizes Phase 1 of sensorimotor intelligence? And when does it occur
A
Birth - 1 month: The use of reflexes. Assimilation (sucking blanket & nipple)
23
Q
What happens during Phase 2 of sensorimotor intelligence? And when does it occur?
A
1 - 4 months: Babies do the same actions with their own body over and over again.
24
Q
What happens during Phase 3 of sensorimotor intelligence? And when does it occur?
A
4 - 8 months:
Quasi-intentional behaviours:
Babies are starting to do actions that seem intentional (on purpose) but are actually still partly accidental - aimed at exploring the environment
25
What characterizes Phase 4 of sensorimotor intelligence? And when does it occur
8 - 12 months: Intentional and goal-directed behaviours appear. Ability to separate means from the end emerges. First anticipatory behaviour emerges (mother getting up)
| starting to realize: “I can do something to make what I want happen.”
26
What is the significance of anticipatory behaviours in infants?
They indicate the ability to separate means from ends.
27
What ability emerges when separating means from the end?
Anticipatory behaviours
## Footnote
For example, a baby cries when it sees its mother getting up, anticipating her departure.
28
What is the age range for Phase 5: Tertiary circular reactions in Sensorimotor Intelligence?
12 to 18 months
## Footnote
The baby begins to deliberately and systematically vary behaviours.
29
What does an infant do during Phase 5 of Sensorimotor Intelligence?
Experiment with learned schemas/behaviours.
## Footnote
Infants repeat a circular reaction and introduce variations to provoke new results.
30
What characterizes Phase 6 of sensorimotor intelligence? And when does it occur
18 months to 2 years: Internalise behavioural schemas - think before acting.
## Footnote
Infants internalise behavioural schemes to form mental images.
31
What is inner experimentation in infants?
Solving problems using mental images without trial-and-error
## Footnote
Infants can mentally experiment on the consequences of their actions.
32
What function is acquired during Phase 6 of Sensorimotor Intelligence?
Symbolic or semiotic function: using symbols or images to represent things that are not present
## Footnote
This involves handling mental representations or symbols.
33
What is object permanence?
The idea that objects continue to exist when they are no longer visible
## Footnote
Understanding that objects remain even when out of sight.
34
At what age do infants not search for objects hidden from view?
1-4 months old
## Footnote
They lack understanding of object permanence.
35
At what age do infants only retrieve partially concealed objects?
4-8 months old
## Footnote
They still do not retrieve totally concealed objects.
36
What observation did Piaget make about object permanence at 8-12 months?
Infants demonstrate clearer object permanence
## Footnote
They look for objects where they last saw them.
37
What is the A-not-B error?
Looking for an object where it was found previously rather than where it was last seen
## Footnote
Typical of infants aged 8-12 months. Stuggles with 'updating' memory
38
At what age does the understanding of object permanence improve significantly?
12-18 months
## Footnote
Infants now search for objects where they were last seen.
39
What do infants not understand until 18-24 months regarding object permanence?
Invisible displacements
## Footnote
They cannot mentally represent an object that has been moved out of sight.
Invisible displacements happens when an object is moved without the child seeing exactly where it went, and they have to figure it out using thinking, not just sight.
40
What drastic changes occur in sensory development by 9 months?
Vision reaches levels of an adult
## Footnote
This is part of the overall development in the first 2 years.
41
What does Piaget suggest about infant development over the first two years?
It occurs in stages resulting in sensorimotor intelligence
## Footnote
Infants progress from reflexive beings to reflective beings.
42
Which is better at birth: visual or auditory acuity?
Auditory acuity
## Footnote
Vision is relatively immature at birth (20/600 vision).
43
What is gross motor development?
Physical abilities involving large body movements
## Footnote
Examples include walking and jumping.
44
What are milestones in gross motor development?
Life head when prone, can sit supported: 1-4m
Sits unsupported: 5-9 months old
Can pull to a standing position: 5-11m
Stands holding on: 7 months old
Stands w/out help: 11-12m
Walking well: 12-17 months old
Runs/jumps: 18- 30
45
What are primary circular reactions according to Piaget?
Actions directed at the infant's own body
## Footnote
Examples include sucking hand and kicking legs.
46
What are secondary circular reactions according to Piaget?
Behaviors directed at objects rather than just the body
## Footnote
Examples include kicking legs to affect blanket movement.
47
What is attachment theory?
A focus on a specific type of relationship called attachment relationship
## Footnote
Attachment is often referred to as an affectionate bond or emotional tie with significant people.
48
What does the attachment system aim to achieve?
To maintain the availability of the attachment figure as a safe base
## Footnote
The attachment system is activated when an individual is distressed, scared, tired, or sick.
49
What determines the quality of an attachment relationship?
The quality of provided care shapes the attachment relationship
## Footnote
It does not necessarily determine whether an attachment relationship develops.
50
What is the motivational attachment system?
An innate motivation system activated in distressing situations
## Footnote
It helps achieve contact with the attachment figure.
in-built system that helps us stay close to someone who makes us feel safe when we need it most.
51
Define Internal Operating Models.
Expectations about the attachment figure's future behavior
## Footnote
These models help predict behaviors in alarming situations.
52
Who developed the Attachment Theory?
John Bowlby
## Footnote
His theory is regarded as a landmark in developmental psychology.
53
What is the critical period for forming attachment according to Bowlby?
6 months to 3 years
## Footnote
After this period, forming an attachment becomes difficult.
54
What is imprinting as observed by Konrad Lorenz?
The recognition and following of the first object encountered by newborns
## Footnote
This occurs within a critical period.
55
What is monotropism in attachment theory?
The idea that a child forms a strong attachment to one person
## Footnote
This concept is part of Bowlby's theory.
56
What are the phases of attachment according to Bowlby?
1. Pre-attachment 0-2m
2. Early Attachment 2-7
3. Attachment/Separation 7-18m
4. Partnership/Goal-corrected 2-3y+
## Footnote
Each phase represents different developmental stages in attachment.
57
What is the Maternal Deprivation Hypothesis?
The idea that severe parental neglect or long-term separation leads to abnormal social development
## Footnote
Bowlby proposed this hypothesis based on his observations.
58
What did William Goldfarb study regarding maternal deprivation?
Outcomes in children given up by their mothers before 9 months
## Footnote
His study showed worse abilities in children who were institutionalized.
59
What was Harlow and Zimmerman's experiment about?
Studying attachment in rhesus monkeys using surrogate mothers
## Footnote
The experiment showed the importance of comfort over food in attachment.
60
What did Bowlby conclude about the attachment instinct?
It is ever-present from birth to old age
## Footnote
It has an evolutionary basis related to safety and protection.
61
What was Ainsworth's contribution to attachment theory?
Measuring the emotional state of the child in relation to attachment types
## Footnote
She developed the Strange Situation study.
62
What does the Strange Situation study assess?
The child's behavior in relation to the caregiver's presence and absence
## Footnote
It involves phases that reflect natural interactions.
63
What characterizes Type B: Secure attachment?
Child misses parent when absent, seeks reunion upon return, is satisfied, and resumes playing.
## Footnote
The child feels safe to explore the environment.
64
What are the five scales used in the Strange Situation study?
* Proximity and contact seeking
* Contact maintaining
* Avoidance of proximity and contact
* Resistance to contact and comfort
* Search behavior
## Footnote
These scales help categorize attachment types.
65
True or False: A child with secure attachment does not show distress when the parent leaves.
False
## Footnote
A secure child will show separation protest when the parent is absent.
66
What is the behavior of a securely attached child when a parent returns after absence?
The child shows a positive response and resumes playing in the parent's presence
## Footnote
The child does not resist or avoid contact with the mother.
67
What characterizes Type A attachment in the Attachment Classification System?
Insecure-avoidant attachment, where the child shows few signs of missing the parent and actively ignores them upon reunion
## Footnote
Characteristics include emotional distance and avoidance.
68
What is a key behavior of a child with Type C attachment?
Insecure-resistant/ambivilant: The child is clingy to the mother, extremely distressed when left alone, and shows ambivalent behavior upon reunion
## Footnote
This includes seeking contact while simultaneously rejecting the parent.
69
What does Type D attachment signify?
Disorganized attachment, characterized by a lack of consistent behavioral patterns and confusion about separation and reunion
## Footnote
Children may show unpredictable behaviors and incoherent responses.
70
What did Ainsworth argue about attachment security?
Attachment security is founded on the sensitivity of the parent during the first year of life
## Footnote
Warm, attentive parenting leads to secure attachment.
71
What is the effect of inadequate care on attachment types?
Inadequate care is associated with disorganized attachment and can lead to maladaptive behaviors later in life
## Footnote
This includes aggressive and anti-social behavior.
72
What is the significance of Mary Main's contribution to attachment theory?
She proposed the fourth attachment category: disorganized-disoriented attachment and developed the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI)
## Footnote
This interview focuses on the quality of relationships with parents in stressful situations.
73
What is the universal sequence of language acquisition?
Language acquisition follows a sequence where all children learn to communicate, regardless of the number of languages they are exposed to
## Footnote
Some learn multiple languages simultaneously, while others may learn just one.
74
What happens during the Holophrase Period (12-24 months)?
Infants utter their first words, vocabulary grows gradually, and they communicate via holophrases
## Footnote
Holophrases are single words that express complete, meaningful thoughts.
75
What is the difference between signifier and signified in language?
Signifier is the phoneme or sequence of phonemes, while signified is the meaning of a word or phrase
## Footnote
Together, they constitute a linguistic sign.
76
What characterizes the prelinguistic period of language acquisition?
Includes baby talk, proto-conversations, and the development of vocal sounds before actual language
## Footnote
Nonverbal gestures and responses are also significant in this stage.
77
What are protoimperatives
| In context to the prelinguistic period
Child points to an object to achieve it
78
What are protodeclaritive
| In context of prelinguistic period
Child points to/touches an object to share attention on it when an adult
79
When: Reflex vocalizations
0-2m high pitched sounds
80
When: Cooing
2-3m ooooh aaah
81
When: Babbling
4-6m consonant like sounds and vowels in isolation
82
When: Reduplicative babbling
6-9m repeating the same syllables
83
When: Babbling in the reduplicative phase
9-12m repeating the same syllables over and over
84
What happens in word combination period (24m)
Start putting 2+ words together to form short phrases. Progress can be measured by MLU
| MLU: mean length of uttrance
85
What is the Learning Perspective in language acquisition?
Language is learned through experience and reinforcement, with no innate language abilities assumed
## Footnote
Infants imitate sounds and grammar exposed to them.
86
What does the Nativist Perspective propose about language acquisition?
Argues that we are born with an innate ability to acquire language, known as the language acquisition device (LAD)
## Footnote
This device helps detect regularities in speech.
87
What is Broca's area responsible for?
It is responsible for speech production, and damage here leads to Broca's aphasia
## Footnote
Patients with this condition speak in short, broken sentences.
88
What is Wernicke's area associated with?
It is associated with language comprehension, and damage leads to Wernicke's aphasia
## Footnote
Patients speak fluently but lack meaningful content.
89
What is the role of the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI)?
To describe the quality of relationships with parents during stressful situations, focusing on attachment categories
## Footnote
It highlights the correlation between attachment in infancy and adulthood.
90
Fill in the blank: The attachment system is considered a mechanism to explain the transmission of _______.
behavior patterns across time and generations
91
What is Wernicke's aphasia?
A disrupted ability to comprehend language, where patients' speech lacks meaning despite normal sound and rhythm.
## Footnote
Wernicke's aphasia is associated with damage to Wernicke's area in the left temporal lobe.
92
What part of the brain is associated with Wernicke's aphasia?
Wernicke's area, located in the left temporal lobe.
## Footnote
This area is crucial for language comprehension.
93
What does the presence of specific brain areas for language suggest about language acquisition?
It suggests that language acquisition has at least some innate, biological basis.
94
According to the theories of language acquisition, what role does experience play?
Language acquisition is not completely innate; some must be learned through experience.
95
What perspective views language development as an interaction between social and biological factors?
Interactionist perspectives.
96
What does Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development emphasize?
Development results from the interaction between existing schemas and the environment.
97
At what stage do children begin to develop their language abilities according to Piaget?
Preoperational stage (2-7 years).
98
What is the significance of Genie’s case in language acquisition studies?
It illustrates the impact of isolation on language development and acquisition.
99
What is attachment in the context of child development?
The emotional relationship between the caregiver and the infant, forming over the first two years of life.
100
What are the phases of attachment development?
1. Little or no recognition of the caregiver
2. Recognition of the caregiver
3. Proximity seeking and separation protest
4. Internal representation of the caregiver's needs.
101
How can attachment types be assessed?
Using the Strange Situation Test.
102
By what age are infants typically stringing short sentences together?
By 2 years.
103
What do learning perspectives suggest about language acquisition?
It occurs due to imitation and reinforcement.
104
What do nativist perspectives suggest about language acquisition?
We are born with innate abilities that create mini-theories to help us decipher language.
