Diabetes Drugs Flashcards
(26 cards)
What are examples of rapid acting insulin preparations?
- Crystalline zinc
- Lispro insulin
- Inhaled insulin
- Insulin aspart
- Insulin glulisine
What are examples of intermediate and long acting insulin preparations?
- NPH insulin
- Insulin detemir
- Insulin glargine
What are adverse reactions of insulin?
Hypoglycemia, local or systemic allergic reactions
What factors can alter dose of insulin?
- Hyperthyroidism
- Stress
- Cessation of physical exercise
- Increased food intake
- Drug therapy
What are examples of sulfonylureas?
- Tolbutamide
- Glyburide
- Glipizide
- Glimepiride
How do sulfonylureas work?
Block K channel to depolarize and allow Ca to flow in for the release of insulin
What are adverse reactions of sulfonylureas?
- Hypoglycemia
- GI upset
- Muscle weakness
- Weight gain
- Mental confusion
What is the MOA of metformin?
Decreases hepatic glucose production and increases secretion of GLP1. Inhibits mitochondrial glycerophosphate dehydrogenase. Reduces intestinal absorption of glucose
What are adverse reactions of metformin?
Metallic taste, GI upset, anorexia
What is the MOA of Acarbose/Miglitol?
Inhibits alpha-glucosidase, therefore delaying absorption of glucose and decreasing post-prandial glucose
What are adverse reactions of Acarbose/Miglitol?
Bloating, flatulence, cramps and diarrhea
How does Pioglitazone/Rosiglitazone work?
Binds to PPAR-gamma receptor
Increases transcription of insulin-responsive genes. Reduces gluconeogenesis and increases glucose uptake
What are adverse effects of Pioglitazone/Rosiglitazone?
Weight gain, edema, increased risk heart failure, increase risk bone fracture
What do Repaglinide/Nateglinide do?
Stimulate insulin secretion (same as sulfonylureas, just shorter acting)
What are adverse reactions of Repaglinide/Nateglinide?
Weight gain; less hypoglycemia than SUs
How does Sitagliptin work?
Inhibits DPP4, increases incretins (GLP and GIP), thus increasing insulin synthesis and release and decreasing glucagon secretion
What are adverse reactions of Sitagliptin?
GI upset and hypersensitivity reactions
How do the “-Gliflozin” drugs work?
Inhibit SGLT2 in kidney, thus reducing glucose reabsorption
What are adverse reactions of “-Gliflozin” drugs?
- Dehydration ( orthostatic hypotension), hypoglycemia
Urinary tract and genital mycotic infections
What are examples of injectable hypoglycemic drugs?
- Exenatide, Liraglutide, Lixisenatide, Semeglutide, dulaglutide
What is the MOA of injectable hypoglycemic drugs?
Stimulate GLP-1 receptors/ Stim insulin secretion and suppress glucagon
What are adverse reactions of injectable hypoglycemic drugs?
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, mild hypoglycemia
How does Pramlintide work?
Amylin analog- it modulated postprandial glucose levels and delays gastric emptying and decreases appetite
What are adverse effects of Pramlintide?
GI distress and hypoglycemia
