Digestive 12 Flashcards
1
Q
mouth; oral cavity
A
opening where food enters the body and undergoes the first process of digestion
2
Q
palate
A
the roof of the mouth; separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity
3
Q
uvula
A
small piece of tissue that hangs in the posterior portion of the oral cavity
4
Q
tongue
A
muscular organ at the floor of the mouth; assists in swallowing and speaking
5
Q
teeth
A
structures that provide the hard surfaces needed for chewing (mastication)
6
Q
salivary glands
A
saliva-secreting glands in the oral cavity; include the parotid, sublingual, and submandibular glands
7
Q
saliva
A
clear, tasteless, slightly acidic (ph 6.8) fluid that helps to lubricate food in the mouth
8
Q
pharnyx
A
throat; space behind the mouth that serves as a passage for food from the mouth to the esophagus and for air from the nose and mouth to the larynx
9
Q
esophagus
A
muscular tube that moves food from the pharynx to the stomach
10
Q
stomach
A
sac-like organ in which chemical and mechanical digestion take place
11
Q
cardia
A
region where the esophagus connects to the stomach
12
Q
fundus
A
superior dome-shaped region of the stomach
13
Q
body
A
largest region of the stomach, between the fundus and pylorus
14
Q
lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
A
ring of muscle between the esophagus and the stomach
15
Q
pyloric sphincter
A
ring of muscle between the stomach and the first segment of the small intestine (duodenum)
15
Q
pylorus
A
lower region of the stomach that connects to the small intestine
16
Q
rugae
A
folds in the stomach lining that increase the surface area for absorption of nutrients
17
Q
small intestine
A
section of digestive tube between the stomach and cecum where most absorption of nutrients occurs
18
Q
duodenum
A
first segment of the small intestine
19
Q
jejunum
A
the middle segment of the small intestine
20
Q
ileum
A
the last segment of the small intestine that connects to the large intestine
21
Q
large intestine
A
distal section of digestive tube, extending from the small intestine to the anus, where water and electrolytes are absorbed and wastes are formed
22
Q
cecum
A
first segment of the large intestine
23
Q
appendix
A
finger-like projection off the cecum of the large intestine
24
colon
segment of the large intestine that extends from the cecum to the rectum and is divided into four parts
25
ascending colon
segment of the large intestine on the right side between the cecum and the right colic flexure
26
right colic flexure; hepatic flexure
the bend of the colon between the ascending and transverse sections
27
transverse colon
segment of the large intestine between the ascending colon and descending colon
28
left colic flexure; left splenic flexure
the bend of the colon between the transverse and descending sections
29
descending colon
segment of the large intestine on the left side between the left colic flexure and the sigmoid colon
30
sigmoid colon
terminal segment of the large intestine that joins with the rectum
31
rectum
extension of the large intestine; a pouch that holds solid waste before elimination from the body
32
anus
opening at the end of the digestive tract through which solid waste exits the body
33
liver
large glandular organ that produces and secretes bile into the gallbladder
34
bile
fluid that is secreted by the liver into the duodenum and aids in the digestion of fats
35
gallbladder
sac-shaped organ beneath the liver that stores bile secreted by the liver and releases it into the small intestine
36
pancreas
organ that secretes pancreatic juice (digestive enzymes) into the small intestine; its endocrine part secretes insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream
37
abdomin/o
abdomen
38
aliment/o
nourishment, nutrition
39
an/o
anus
40
appendic/o
appendix
41
bil/o
bile
42
bucc/o
cheek
43
cec/o
cecum
44
cheil/o
lip
45
chol/e
bile
46
cholecyst/o
gallbladder
47
col/o, colon/o
colon
48
dent/o
tooth
49
duoden/o
duodenum
50
enter/o
small intestine
51
esophag/o
esophagus
52
diverticul/o
diverticulum (pouch opening from a tubular organ)
53
gastr/o
stomach
54
hemat/o, hem/o
blood
55
hepat/o
liver
56
herni/o
hernia (protrusion)
57
ile/o
ileum
58
jejun/o
jejunum
59
labi/o
lip
60
lapar/o
abdomen
61
lingu/o
tongue
62
lith/o
stone, calculus
63
odont/o
tooth
64
or/o
mouth
65
palat/o
palate
66
pancreat/o
pancreas
67
peps/o
digestion
68
phag/o
eat, swallow
69
pharyng/o
pharynx
70
polyp/o
polyp
71
proct/o
rectum, anus
72
pylor/o
pylorus
73
rect/o
rectum
74
sial/o
saliva
75
sigmoid/o
sigmoid colon
76
stomat/o
mouth
77
endo-
in, within
78
hyper-
above, excessive
79
peri-
around, surrounding
80
post-
after, behind
81
retro-
backward, behind
82
-algia
pain
83
-ase
enzyme
84
-cele
herniation, protrusion
85
-centesis
puncture to aspirate
86
-dynia
pain
87
-emesis
vomiting
88
-gen
origin, production
89
-gram
record, recording
90
-graphy
technique of producing images
91
-iasis
condition of
92
-logist
one who specializes in
93
-logy
study of
94
-malacia
softening
95
-megaly
enlargement
96
-prandial
meal
97
-ptosis
prolapse, drooping, sagging
98
-rrhaphy
suture
99
-scope
instrument for examination
100
-scopy
viewing or examining with an instrument
101
-stenosis
stricture, narrowing
102
-stomy
surgical opening
103
-tomy
incision
104
-tripsy
crushing
105
anorexia
decrease in or loss of appetite
106
bolus
ball of chewed food that is ready to be swallowed
107
chyme
partially digested food that passes from the stomach into the duodenum
108
defecation; bowel movement (BM)
passage of solid wastes (feces) from the body
109
deglutition
the act of swallowing
110
digestion
the mechanical, chemical, and enzymatic process of breaking down food into substances the body can use
111
eructation
the voiding of gas or acidic fluid from the stomach through the mouth; commonly called a burp or belch
112
feces
waste matter discharged from the bowels
113
flatus
gas that passes through the anus
114
halitosis
bad breath
115
hematochezia
the passage of bloody stools
116
inguinal
relating to the groin
117
mastication
chewing
118
melena
black, tarry stools due to the presence of blood altered by intestinal juices
119
nausea
the urge to vomit
120
occult blood
blood in the feces in amounts that are too small to be seen by the naked eye but detectable by chemical tests
121
peristalsis
involuntary contraction and relaxation of smooth muscles of the GI tract creating wave-like movements that push substances along its length
122
postprandial
after a meal
123
vomit; regurgitate
to eject matter from the stomach through the mouth
124
anorexia nervosa
eating disorder characterized by an extreme fear of becoming obese and by an aversion to eating
125
ascites
accumulation of fluid in the abdominal/peritoneal cavity
126
cholecystitis
inflammation of the gallbladder
127
cholelithiasis
presence of stones in the gallbladder or bile ducts; formation of gallstones
128
cirrhosis
chronic liver disease characterized by gradual failure of liver cells and loss of blood flow in the liver
129
constipation
decreased number of bowel movements often associated with hard stools
130
Crohn disease; regional enteritis
chronic intestinal inflammation of unknown cause that is characterized by deep ulcers and thickening of the intestine
131
diarrhea
abnormally frequent discharge of semisolid or liquid feces
132
diverticulitis
inflammation of a diverticulum
133
diverticulum
an abnormal pouch on the wall of a hollow organ that protrudes outward
134
dysentery
infection of the intestines resulting in severe diarrhea containing blood and mucus
135
dyspepsia
indigestion or upset stomach
136
dysphagia
difficulty swallowing
137
gastric ulcer
sore on the stomach lining with inflammation
138
gastroenteritis
inflammation of the stomach and intestines
139
gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
backward flow of stomach acid into the esophagus
140
hemorrhoids
swollen (varicose) veins in the anal region; may be internal or external
141
hepatomegaly
enlargement of the liver
142
hiatal hernia
protrusion of a part of the stomach through the esophageal hiatus (opening) in the diaphragm
143
ileus
an obstruction of the intestine
144
incontinence
inability to prevent the discharge of feces or urine
145
intussusception
the sliding (enfolding) of one section of the intestine into an adjacent section, much like the parts of a collapsible telescope
146
irritable bowel syndrome (IBS); spastic colon
painful intestinal disease characterized by constipation alternating with diarrhea
147
pancreatitis
inflammation of the pancreas
148
peptic ulcer; peptic ulcer disease (PUD)
ulcer of the stomach or duodenum that is caused by gastric acid
149
peritonitis
inflammation of the peritoneal cavity
150
polyp
section of tissue that grows abnormally and protrudes from a surface
151
polyposis
condition characterized by the presence of several polyps
152
pruritus ani
itching around the opening of the anus
153
ulcerative colitis
a twisting of the intestine that can cause obstruction
154
occult blood test; hemoccult test
screening test that detects hidden blood in feces; the amount of blood is too small to be seen, but is detectable by chemical tests
155
stool culture
microscopic examination of feces for identification of possible pathogens
156
abdominal ultrasound
use of sound waves to view digestive system organs/structures
157
abdominocentesis; paracentesis
puncture into the abdomen to obtain fluid for culture or to relieve pressure
158
barium enema (BE)
use of contrast dye to view the lower gastrointestinal tract
159
cholecystogram
x-ray record of the gallbladder
160
colonoscopy
visual examination of the colon using an endoscope
161
endoscopy
visual examination of organ interior using an endoscope
162
esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD)
visual examination if the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum, usually using a fiberoptic endoscope
163
flexible sigmoidoscopy
visual examination of the interior of the sigmoid colon using a fiberoptic endoscope
164
laparoscopy
visual examination of the abdominopelvic cavity with a type of endoscope called a laparoscope
165
proctoscopy
visual examination of the rectum and anus with an endoscope
166
upper gastrointestinal series (UGI); barium swallow
radiographic contrast (x-ray with contrast dye) study of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum
167
abdominoperineal resection (APR)
surgical removal of the colon and rectum by both abdominal and perineal approaches; includes a colostomy and is performed to treat severe lower intestinal diseases including cancer
168
abdominoplasty
surgical repair of the abdominal area
169
anastomosis
a connection made surgically between two structures, such as adjacent parts of the intestine
170
appendectomy
surgical removal of the appendix
171
bariatric surgery
surgical removal of parts of the stomach an/or intestines to induce weight loss
172
gastric bypass surgery
surgical procedure in which the stomach is divided into a small upper pouch and a larger lower pouch and then the small intestine is rearranged and connected to both pouches
173
cholecystectomy
removal of the gallbladder
174
cholelithotripsy
crushing of gallstones
175
colostomy
surgical construction of an artificial opening between the colon and the body exterior; done to bypass a damaged part of the colon, so the sites vary
176
gastrectomy
removal of the stomach
177
gastric lavage
insertion of a tube from the mouth into the stomach to wash and suction out its contents for examination and treatment; usually done to remove blood clots or monitor bleeding
178
gastric resection
removal of a section of the stomach
179
gavage
process of feeding a patient through nasogastric intubation
180
glossorrhaphy
suturing of the tongue
181
herniorrhaphy
suturing of a hernia
182
ileostomy
surgical construction of an artificial opening between the ileum and the body exterior; done to bypass a damaged part of the ileum
183
laparotomy
surgical incision into the abdominal cavity
184
nasogastric (NG) intubation
insertion of a tube from the nose into the stomach for feeding or suctioning stomach contents
185
palatoplasty
surgical repair of the roof of the mouth
186
polypectomy
surgical removal of polyps
187
total parenteral nutrition (TPN)
feeding a person intravenously or by a nasogastric tube
188
antacid
drug used to reduce stomach acid or neutralize acidity
189
antidiarrheal
drug used to treat or prevent diarrhea
190
antiemetic
drug used to treat or prevent nausea and vomiting
191
emetic
drug used to induce vomiting
192
laxative; cathartic
drug used to promote the expulsion of feces
193
bariatrics
branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of obesity and allied diseases
194
gastroenterology
medical speciality concerned with diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the gastrointestinal tract
195
proctology
medical speciality concerned with diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the rectum and anus
196
APR
abdominoperineal resection
197
BE
barium enema
198
BM
bowel movement
199
EGD
esophagogastroduodenoscopy
200
GERD
gastroesophageal reflux disease
201
GI
gastrointestinal
202
IBS
irritable bowel syndrome
203
LES
lower esophageal sphincter
204
NG
nasogastric
205
PUD
peptic ulcer disease
206
TPN
total parental nutrition
207
UGI
upper gastrointestinal
