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Medical Terminology > Endocrine 8 > Flashcards

Endocrine 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

what are endocrine glands?

A

ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream

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2
Q

what is the endocrine system?

A

consists of gland and hormones and maintains homeostasis

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3
Q

adrenal glands; suprarenal glands

A

triangular-shaped glands located above each kidney that secrete hormones that aid in metabolism, electrolyte balance, and stress reactions

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4
Q

hypothalamus

A

part of the brain located near the pituitary gland that secretes releasing hormones that control the release of other hormones by the pituitary gland

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5
Q

islets of Langerhans

A

endocrine cells inside the pancreas that secrete hormones (glucagon and insulin) that aid carbohydrate (sugar) metabolism

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6
Q

ovaries

A

paired female reproductive organs that produce hormones and release oocytes (egg cells)

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7
Q

parathyroid glands

A

four small glands embedded on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland that regulate calcium and phosphorus levels in the bloodstream

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8
Q

pineal gland

A

small, cone-shaped gland located in the brain that secretes melatonin, which affects sleep-wake cycles and reproduction

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9
Q

pituitary gland

A

pea-sized gland located at the base of the brain that secretes hormones that stimulate the function of other endocrine glands; “master gland”

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10
Q

testes; testicles

A

male reproductive glands, located in the scrotum, that produce sperm and testosterone

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11
Q

thymus gland

A

gland in the mediastinum (membranous partition in the thoracic cavity) that secretes thymosin, a hormone that regulates the immune system

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12
Q

thyroid gland

A

bilobed gland located in the neck that secretes thyroid hormone that is needed for cell growth and metabolism; largest endocrine gland

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13
Q

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

targets the adrenal cortex; stimulates secretion of corticosteroids

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14
Q

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

targets the ovaries and testes; stimulates secretion of estrogen in females and testosterone in males

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15
Q

growth hormone (GH)

A

targets bones and other tissues; stimulates protein synthesis and body growth

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16
Q

luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

targets the ovaries and testes; stimulates secretion of progesterone in females and testosterone in males

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17
Q

prolactin

A

targets breast tissue; stimulates milk production

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18
Q

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

targets the thyroid gland; stimulates the production of thyroid hormones for regulating metabolism

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19
Q

antidiuretic hormone (ADH); vasopressin

A

targets the kidneys; stimulates water reabsorption by the kidneys

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20
Q

oxytocin (OXT)

A

targets the uterus and breasts; stimulates uterine contractions and milk ejection from breasts

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21
Q

melatonin

A

affects sleep-wake cycles and reproduction

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22
Q

thyroxine (T4)

A

hormone that regulates metabolism by increasing metabolic rate

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23
Q

triiodothyronine (T3)

A

hormone that regulates metabolism; similar to thyroxine but has greater potency

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24
Q

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A

regulates calcium and phosphorus levels in blood and bones

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25
glucagon
secreted by alpha cells; regulates blood glucose levels; increases blood glucose by promoting breakdown of glycogen (stored sugar) to glucose
26
insulin
secreted by beta cells; regulates blood glucose levels; decreases blood glucose by promoting glucose use by cells
27
thymosin
regulates immune responses
28
aldosterone
regulates electrolytes (sodium and potassium)
29
cortisol
aids in metabolism and also aids the body during stress
30
epinephrine; adrenaline
aids body during stress, increases heart rate and blood pressure, and causes relaxation of bronchial airways
31
norepinephrine; noradrenaline
aids body during stress and increases blood pressure
32
estrogen
affects the development of female sexual organs and secondary sexual characteristics; regulates menstrual cycle and pregnancy
33
progesterone
stimulates uterus in preparation for and maintenance of pregnancy
34
testosterone
affects development of sexual organs in males and secondary sexual characteristics
35
acr/o
extremity, tip
36
aden/o
gland
37
adren/o
adrenal glands
38
adrenal/o
adrenal glands
39
calc/i
calcium
40
cortic/o
cortex
41
crin/o
to secrete
42
dips/o
thirst
43
endocrin/o
endocrine
44
gluc/o, glucos/o
glucose, sugar
45
glyc/o, glycos/o
glucose, sugar
46
hormon/o
hormone
47
kal/i
potassium
48
natr/i
sodium
49
pancreat/o
pancreas
50
parathyroid/o
parathyroid glands
51
thym/o
thymus gland
52
thyr/o, thyroid/o
thyroid gland
53
eu-
good, normal
54
hyper-
above, excessive
55
hypo-
below, deficient
56
poly-
many, much
57
-al, -ic
pertaining to
58
-emia
blood
59
-ism
condition of
60
-megaly
enlargement
61
-oid
resembling
62
-osis
abnormal condition
63
-penia
deficiency
64
-uria
urine, urination
65
cortical
pertaining to the cortex
66
endogenous
produced inside the body
67
euthyroid
normal thyroid
68
exogenous
produced outside of the body
69
metabolism
all physical and chemical changes that occur in tissues
70
pancreatic
pertaining to the pancreas
71
postprandial
after a meal
72
thymic
pertaining to the thymus gland
73
acidemia
abnormally low blood pH (below 7.35)
74
acidosis
pathologic state characterized by an excessively acidic condition of the body fluids or tissues
75
acromegaly
disorder caused by excessive growth hormone secretion in adulthood causing thick bones in the extremities, especially the hands and feet
76
Addison disease
disorder in which the adrenal glands do not produce sufficient cortisol; characterized by skin darkening, weakness, and loss of appetite
77
adenitis
inflammation of a lymph node or gland
78
adenomegaly
enlargement of a gland
79
adrenalitis
inflammation of an adrenal gland
80
adrenomegaly
enlargement of an adrenal gland
81
adrenalopathy
disease of the adrenal gland
82
alkalemia
abnormally high blood pH (above 7.45)
83
autoimmune disease
disorder in which normal tissue is destroyed by the body’s own immune system response
84
calcipenia
deficiency of calcium in tissues and body fluids
85
congenital hypothyroidism
condition that is present at birth and is caused by thyroid hormone deficiency due to the absence of atrophy of the thyroid gland; leads to mental deficiency and dwarfism
86
Cushing syndrome
disease caused by excessive cortisol production by the adrenal glands; characterized by fat pads in the chest and abdomen and a “moon face” appearance
87
diabetes insipidus (DI)
disorder caused by deficiency of antidiuretic hormone production by the pituitary gland resulting in excessive urination and excessive thirst
88
diabetes mellitus (DM)
disorder caused by deficiency of insulin and/or insulin resistance causing poor carbohydrate metabolism and high blood glucose levels
89
type 1 diabetes mellitus
diabete caused by a total lack of insulin production; usually develops in childhood; patients require insulin replacement therapy to control the disorder
90
type 2 diabetes mellitus
diabetes caused by either a lack of insulin or the body's inability to use insulin efficiently; usually develops in middle-aged or older adults; patient usually do not require insulin replacement therapy to control the disorder
91
diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
excessive ketones (compounds produced during fat metabolism) in blood due to breakdown of stored fats for energy; a complication of diabetes mellitus; if left untreated, can lead to coma and death
92
endocrinopathy
disease of an endocrine gland
93
exophthalmos
protruding or bulging of eyes from their sockets
94
gigantism; giantism
disorder caused by excessive growth hormone secretion before puberty; characterized by abnormally long bones
95
glucosuria; glycosuria
glucose (sugar) in the urine
96
goiter
enlargement of the thyroid gland
97
Graves disease
condition of excessive secretion of thyroid hormone, causing goiter and exophthalmos
98
Hashimoto disease
autoimmune disease causing chronic thyroiditis
99
hirsutism
excessive hair growth or hair growth in unusual places, especially in women
100
hypercalcemia
high levels of calcium in the blood
101
hyperglycemia
high levels of glucose (sugar) in the blood
102
hyperkalemia
high levels of potassium in the blood
103
hypernatremia
high levels of sodium in the blood
104
hyperparathyroidism
excessive hormone production by the parathyroid glands
105
hyperthyroidism
excessive hormone production by the thyroid gland
106
hypocalcemia
low levels of calcium in the blood
107
hypoglycemia
low levels of glucose (sugar) in the blood
108
hypothyroidism
deficient hormone production by the thyroid gland
108
hypokalemia
low levels of potassium in the blood
108
hyponatremia
low levels of sodium in the blood
109
hypoparathyroidism
deficient hormone production by the parathyroid gland
110
ketosis
excessive ketones (compounds produced during fat metabolism) in the blood
111
myxedema
severe hypothyroidism in an adult, characterized by pale dry skin, brittle hair, and sluggishness
112
pancreatitis
inflammation of the pancreas
113
polydipsia
excessive thirst
114
polyuria
excessive and frequent urination
115
tetany
spasms of nerves and muscles due to low levels of calcium in the blood caused by deficient production of parathyroid hormone
116
thyroiditis
inflammation of the thyroid gland
117
thyromegaly
enlargement of the thyroid gland
118
thyrotoxicosis
condition of excessively high levels of thyroid hormone (either endogenous or exogenous)
119
blood glucose; blood sugar
test to measure the amount of glucose in the blood
120
electrolyte panel
blood test to measure the amount of sodium, potassium, chloride, and carbon dioxide in the blood
121
fasting blood glucose (FBG)
blood test that measures the amount of glucose in the blood after fasting (not eating) for at least 8 hours
122
glucometer
device for measuring blood glucose levels from a drop of blood obtained by a finger stick
123
glucose tolerance test (GTT)
blood test that measures the amount of glucose in the blood after administering a dose of glucose to the patient; used to gauge the body's ability to metabolize glucose
124
glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c)
blood test that indicates the amount of glucose in the blood over the previous few months; used to indicate how well diabetes mellitus is being controlled
125
thyroid function tests
blood tests that measure thyroid hormone levels in the blood
126
thyroid-stimulating hormone level
blood test that measures the amount of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in the blood; used to diagnosis hyperthyroidism or to monitor thyroid replacement therapy
127
thyroxine level
blood test that measures the amount of thyroxine in the blood to diagnose hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism
128
radioactive iodine uptake test (RAIU)
test of thyroid function by measuring the uptake of iodine by the thyroid
129
thyroid scan
scan of the thyroid gland using a radioactive dye, ultrasound, or computed tomography to show the size, shape, and position of the thyroid gland
130
adenectomy
excision of a gland
131
adrenalectomy
excision of an adrenal gland
132
pancreatectomy
excision of the pancreas
133
parathyroidectomy
excision of a parathyroid gland
134
thymectomy
excision of the thymus gland
135
thyroidectomy
excision of the thyroid gland
136
thyroidotomy
incision into a thyroid gland
137
thyroparathyroidectomy
excision of the thyroid and parathyroid glands
138
antidiabetic
drug used to treat diabetes mellitus by lowering glucose levels in the blood
139
antithyroid
drug used to treat overproduction of thyroid hormone
140
continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII)
infusion of insulin to subcutaneous tissues by a device worn on the body
141
insulin pump
device worn of the body to infuse insulin
142
insulin therapy
method used to treat diabetes mellitus by replacing natural insulin
143
hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
treatment used to replace hormones that are normally produced by the body
144
endocrinology
medical speciality concerned with diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the endocrine system
145
ACTH
adrenocorticotropic hormone
146
ADH
antidiuretic hormone
147
CSII
continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion
148
DI
diabetes insipidus
149
DKA
diabetic ketoacidosis
150
DM
diabetes mellitus
151
FBG
fasting blood glucose
152
FSH
follicle-stimulating hormone
153
GH
growth hormone
154
GTT
glucose tolerance test
155
HbA1c
glycosylated hemoglobin alpha 1c
156
131I
radioactive iodine
157
LH
luteinizing hormone
158
PTH
parathyroid hormone
159
RAIU
radioactive iodine uptake
160
T3
triiodothyronine
161
T4
thyroxine
162
TSH
thyroid-stimulating hormone

Medical Terminology (17 decks)

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