Nervous/Mental 6 Flashcards
(211 cards)
1
Q
two main divisions of nervous system?
A
central and peripheral
2
Q
central nervous system
A
brain and spinal cord
3
Q
peripheral nervous system
A
cranial and spinal nerves
4
Q
brain
A
part of the central nervous system contained within the cranium
5
Q
basal ganglia
A
group of nerve cell bodies linked to the thalamus, involved with coordination and movement
6
Q
brainstem
A
connects the brain to the spinal cord
7
Q
midbrain
A
part of the brainstem that contains reflex centers associated with eye and head movements
8
Q
pons
A
part of the brainstem between the medulla and midbrain that is a relay station from the peripheral nerves to the brain
9
Q
medulla oblongata
A
part of the brainstem that connects the brain and the spinal cord and contains reflex centers for the heart, blood vessels, and breathing
10
Q
cerebellum
A
posterior portion of the brain that coordinates the voluntary muscles and maintains balance and muscle tone
11
Q
cerebrum
A
largest and uppermost portion of the brain
12
Q
cerebral cortex
A
outer layer of the cerebrum; controls higher mental functions
13
Q
frontal lobe
A
front portion of the cerebrum that is involved with voluntary muscle movement and emotions
14
Q
gyrus
A
elevated ridge (raised convolution) on the surface of the cerebrum
15
Q
occipital lobe
A
posterior portion of the cerebrum involved with vision
16
Q
parietal lobe
A
middle-top portion of the cerebrum; involved in perception of touch, temperature, and pain
17
Q
sulcus
A
groove or depression on the surface of the brain
18
Q
temporal lobe
A
portion of the cerebrum below the frontal lobe; involved with the senses of hearing, memory, emotion, speech, and behavior
19
Q
diencephalon
A
area deep within the brain that contains the thalamus and hypothalamus and is the link between the cerebral hemispheres and the brainstem
20
Q
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
A
colorless liquid that circulates in and around the brain and spinal cord and transports nutrients
21
Q
meninges
A
three membranous coverings of the brain and spinal cord
22
Q
dura mater
A
tough, fibrous outermost layer of the meninges
23
Q
arachnoid mater
A
delicate fibrous membrane forming the middle layer of the meninges
24
Q
pia mater
A
thin inner layer of the meninges that attaches directly to the brain and spinal cord
25
spinal cord
portion of the central nervous system contained in the vertebral canal that conducts nerve impulses to and from the brain and body
26
ventricle
one of four interconnected cavities within the brain that secrete cerebrospinal fluid
27
peripheral nervous system
part of the nervous system external to the brain and spinal cord that consists of all other nerves throughout the body
28
nerve
whitish cord-like structure that transmits stimuli from the central nervous system to another area of the body or from the body to the central nervous system
29
ganglion
group of nerve cell bodies located along the pathway of a nerve
30
neuroglia
cells that support and protect nervous tissue
31
neuron
nerve cell
32
cranial nerves
12 pairs of nerves that emerge from the brain
33
spinal nerves
31 pairs of nerves that emerge from the spinal cord
34
cerebell/o
cerebellum (little brain)
35
cerebr/o
brain, cerebrum
36
cortic/o
outer portion of an organ (as in cerebral cortex)
37
crani/o
cranium, skull
38
dur/o
hard, dura mater
39
enchephal/o
brain
40
esthesi/o
sensation, perception
41
gangli/o, ganglion/o
ganglion
42
gli/o
glue, neuroglia
43
mening/o, meningi/o
meninges
44
myel
bone marrow, spinal cord
45
narc/o
stupor, numbness, sleep
46
neur/o
nerve
47
phas/o
speech
48
poli/o
gray matter
49
radicul/o
nerve root
50
somn, somn/i
sleep
51
spin/o
spine
52
spondyl/o
vertebra
53
thalam/o
thalamus
54
ventricul/o
ventricle
55
vertebr/o
vertebra
56
anxi/o
fear, worry
57
hallucin/o
to wonder in one's mind
58
hypn/o
sleep, hypnosis
59
ment/o
mind, mental
60
phren/o
mind
61
psych/o
mind, mental
62
schiz/o
split
63
soci/o
social, society
64
thym/i, thym/o
mind, soul, emotion
65
epi-
on, upon, following
66
hemi-
half
67
hyper-
above, excessive
68
hypo-
below, deficient
69
para-
beside
70
poly-
many, much
71
quadri-
four
72
bi-
two, twice
73
de-
away from, cessation, without
74
eu-
good, normal
75
-al, -ar
pertaining to
76
-gram
record, recording
77
-ia
condition of
78
-ictal
relating to or caused by a stroke or seizure
79
-lepsis, -lepsy
seizure
80
-logist
one who specializes in
81
-paresis
partial or incomplete paralysis
82
-phrenia
the mind
83
-plegia
paralysis
84
-tomy
incision
85
-iatrist
one who specializes in
86
-mania
excited state, obsession
87
-phile, -philia
attraction to
88
-phobia
abnormal fear of, aversion to, sensitivity to
89
bipolar
having two ends or extremes
90
cerebral
pertaining to the cerebrum
91
cerebellar
pertaining to the cerebellum
92
cranial
pertaining to that cranium or skull
93
dural
pertaining to the dura mater
94
epidural
pertaining to on or outside the dura mater
95
glial
pertaining to the glia
96
ictal
pertaining to or caused by a stroke or seizure
97
ischemic
pertaining to a lack of blood flow
98
meningeal
pertaining to the meninges
99
mental
pertaining to the mind
100
neural
pertaining to the nerves or any structure composed of nerves
101
postictal
following a seizure
102
radicular
pertaining to a nerve root
103
subdural
deep in the dura mater
104
Alzheimer disease
a progressive degenerative brain disease that results in memory impairment and dementia
105
amnesia
loss of memory
106
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; Lou Gehrig disease
fatal degenerative disease of the motor neurons marked by muscle weakness and atrophy
107
aphasia
impaired comprehension or formulation of speech, reading, or writing caused by damage to the brain
108
ataxia
lack of muscle coordination
109
Bell palsy
paralysis of facial muscles, usually on one side of the face, caused by dysfunction of the facial nerve
110
cerebral aneurysm
widening of a blood vessel in the brain, usually due to a weakness in the wall of the artery
111
cerebral embolism
obstruction or occlusion of a vessel in the brain by an embolus (blood clot, air bubble, or fat deposit in a blood vessel)
112
cerebral palsy (CP)
term for various types of non progressive movement dysfunction present at birth or in early childhood
113
cerebral thrombosis
thrombus (blood clot) within a blood vessel of the brain
114
cerebrovascular accident; stroke
damage to the brain caused by an interruption of blood supply to a region of the brain
115
clonus
repeated muscular spasms seen with seizure disorders
116
coma
prolonged state of deep unconsciousness
117
concussion
injury to the brain resulting from violent shaking or a blow to the head
118
disorientation
loss of sense of familiarity with one's surroundings (time, place, and self)
119
encephalitis
inflammation of the brain
120
epilepsy
disorder of the central nervous system that is usually characterized by seizure activity and some alteration of consciousness
121
hemiparesis
partial or incomplete paralysis affecting one side of the body
122
herpes zoster; shingles
painful viral infection that affects the peripheral nerves and causes an eruption of blisters that follow the path of the dermatome of the affected nerves
123
hydrocephalus
a condition involving increased cerebrospinal fluid
124
incoherence
confusion
125
lethargy
a feeling of sluggishness or stupor
126
meningitis
inflammation of the meninges
127
meningomyelocele
protrusion of the meninges and spinal cord through a defect in the vertebra
128
poliomyelitis
severe infectious viral disease that inflames the gray matter of the spinal cord and can lead to paralysis and muscle wasting
129
polyneuropathy
inflammation of a number of peripheral nerves
130
radiculopathy
disorder of the spinal nerve roots
131
seizure
violent spasm or series of jerky movements of the face, trunk, or limbs
132
sleep apnea
disorder marked by interruptions of breathing during sleep
133
subdural hematoma
a collection of blood deep in the dura mater resulting from a broken blood vessel, usually due to trauma
134
stupor
state of impaired consciousness in which the person shows a marked reduction in reactivity to environmental stimuli
135
syncope
fainting, or an episode of fainting, usually due to lack of blood supply to the cerebrum
136
tic
sudden, rapid, recurrent, nonrhythmic, involuntary motor movement or vocalization
137
tonic-clonic seizure
seizure characterized by successive phases of tonic and clonic spasms (repeated contractions and relaxations of muscles)
138
Tourette syndrome
tic disorder characterized by intermittent motor and vocal manifestations
139
transient ischemic attack (TIA)
sudden, brief, and temporary cerebral dysfunction
140
anxiety
feeling of fear, worry, uneasiness, or dread
141
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
condition that begins in childhood and is characterized by short attention span, rapid boredom, impulsive behavior, and hyperactivity
142
agoraphobia
type of mental disorder with an irrational fear of leaving home and going out into the open
143
autism
disorder of unknown cause consisting of self-absorption, withdrawal of social contacts, repetitive movements and other mannerisms
144
bipolar disorder
disorder characterized by the occurrence of alternating periods of euphoria (maina) and depression
145
catatonia
a phase of schizophrenia in which the patient is unresponsive, sometimes remaining in a fixed position without moving or talking
146
claustrophobia
fear of being shut in or enclosed
147
compulsion
uncontrollable impulse to perform an act, often repetitively, to relive anxiety
148
delirium
an altered state with confusion, distractibility, hallucinations, and overactivity
149
delusion
a false belief or decision that is strongly held and remains unchanged regardless of any outside factors
150
dementia
usually progressive loss of cognitive and intellectual functions, without impairment of perception or consciousness
151
depression
mental state characterized by profound feelings of sadness, emptiness, hopelessness, and lack of interest or pleasure in activities
152
euphoria
an exaggerated feeling of well-being
153
hallucination
false perception unrelated to reality or external stimuli
154
mania
emotional disorder characterized by euphoria or irritability as well as rapid speech, decreased need for sleep, distractibility, and poor judgment
155
neurosis
psychological or behavioral disorder characterized by excessive anxiety
156
obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
condition associated with recurrent and intrusive thoughts, images, and repetitive behaviors performed to relieve anxiety
157
panic disorder
form of anxiety disorder marked by episodes of intense fear of social or personal situations
158
paranoia
mental state characterized by jealousy, delusions of persecution, or perceptions of threat or harm
159
phobia
extreme persistent fear of a specific object or situation
160
posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
persistent emotional disturbances that follow exposure to life-threatening catastrophic events such as trauma, abuse, natural disasters, or war
161
psychosis
mental disorder extreme enough to cause gross misperception of reality with delusions and hallucinations
162
schizophrenia
common type of psychosis, characterized by abnormalities in perception, content of thoughts, hallucinations and delusions, and withdrawn or bizarre behavior
163
Babinski sign
reflex action in which the big toe remains extended when the sole of the foot is stroked; indicate injury to brain or spinal nerves
164
cerebral angiography
radiography of blood vessels in the brain after injection of radioplague contrast dye
165
electroencephalography
electrical recording of brain activity
166
deep tendon reflex (DTR)
evaluation of the response of a muscle to stimuli to provide information on the integrity of the central and peripheral nervous systems
167
evoked potential studies
diagnostic tests that use an EEG to record changes in brain waves during various stimuli
168
Glasgow coma scale (GCS)
a neurologic scale used to assess level of consciousness
169
lumbar puncture (LP)
the process of inserting a needle into the subarachnoid space of the lumbar spine to obtain cerebrospinal fluid for analysis
170
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
imaging technique that uses magnetic fields and radiofrequency waves to visualize anatomic structures
171
myelogram
radiographic contrast study of the spinal subarachnoid space and its contents
172
polysomnography
monitoring and recording of normal and abnormal activity during sleep to diagnose sleep disorders
173
positron emission tomography (PET)
a nuclear medicine procedure that shows metabolic activity in the brain that can correspond to various types of brain activity
174
craniectomy
excision of part of the skull, without replacement of bone, to access the brain
175
cranioplasty
operation to correct cranial defects, which may include bone grafts
176
craniotomy
opening into the skull allowing access to the brain
177
ganglionectomy
excision of a ganglion
178
laminectomy
excision of the thin plate (lamina) of the vertebrae to relieve pressure on the spinal cord
179
neurolysis
seperation of a nerve from inflammatory adhesions
180
neuroplasty
surgical repair of the nerves
181
psychotherapy
the general term for an interaction in which a trained mental health professional tries to help a patient resolve emotional and mental distress
182
rhizotomy
incision into the spinal nerve roots to relieve pain or spastic paralysis
183
analgesic
drug that relieves pain
184
anesthetic
compound that provides temporary loss of sensation
185
antianxiety agent
category of drugs used to treat anxiety without causing excessive sedation
186
anticonvulsant
drug that prevents or arrests seizures
187
antidepressant
drug used to treat depression
188
antiinflammatory
drug that reduces inflammation
189
epidural injection
injection of an analgesic into the epidural space
190
hyponotic
drug that promotes sleep
191
neuroleptic
class of psychotropic drugs used to treat psychosis, particularly schizophrenia
192
psychotropic
drug used to treat mental illnesses
193
sedative
drug that quiets nervous excitement
194
neurology
medical speciality concerned with the study and treatment of conditions involving the nervous system
195
psychiatry
medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders as practiced by a licensed medical doctor who may prescribe medications
196
psychology
medical specialty concerned with the study and treatment of mental processes, behaviors, and abnormal/irregular mood disorders as practiced by a trained professional who is not a medical doctor and is not authorized to prescribe medications
197
ADHD
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
198
ALS
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
199
CNS
central nervous system
200
CP
cerebral palsy
201
CSF
cerebrospinal fluid
202
CVA
cerebrovascular accident
203
DTR
deep tendon reflex
204
EEG
electroencephalogram
205
LP
lumbar puncture
206
MRI
magnetic resonance imaging
207
MS
multiple sclerosis
208
OCD
obsessive-compulsive disorder
209
PET
positron emission tomography
210
PTSD
posttraumatic stress disorder
211
TIA
transient ischemic attack
