Digestive System (Exam 1) Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 4 tunics of tubular organs?
A
Tunica mucosa
Tunica submucosa
Tunica muscularis
Tunica adventitia
2
Q
3 Layers of Tunica mucosa of tubular organs
A
epithelium
lamina propria
lamina muscularis (+/-)
3
Q
Lamina muscular of tunica mucosa is always ______, except in _____.
A
smooth muscle
rumen/gallblader
4
Q
If lamina muscularis is absent, the ____ blends with _____ to make _____.
A
lamina propria
tunica submucosa
propria submucosa
5
Q
Tunica (adventitia/serosa) is not in a body cavity, while Tunica (adventitia/serosa) is within a body cavity.
A
adventitia
serosa
6
Q
Tunica muscularis of tubular organs has ___ layer(s) made of what kind of muscle?
A
2-3 layers
smooth, skeletal, or both
7
Q
Tissue type of lip epithelium
A
non-keratinized stratified squamous
8
Q
Ruminant lip & cheek epithelium tissue type
A
non-keratinized stratified squamous
9
Q
(T/F) Lips have no lamina muscularis.
A
true
10
Q
______ M is equivalent to the Tunica muscularis of the lips.
A
orbicularis oris M
11
Q
Lips have a tunica (adventitia/serosa).
A
adventitia (not in body cavity)
12
Q
(T/F) Cheeks have a lamina muscularis of the tunica mucosa.
A
False - not present
13
Q
What are the salivary glands in the cheeks called?
A
buccal glands
14
Q
______ M is equivalent to the tunica muscularis of the cheeks
A
buccinator M
15
Q
Tissue type that lines the cheeks
A
non-keratinized stratified squamous
16
Q
Cheeks have a tunica (adventitia/serosa)
A
adventitia - not in body cavity
17
Q
Hard Palate tissue type of epithelium
A
keratinized stratified squamous
18
Q
What structure is present in the hard palate of ruminants?
A
dental pad
19
Q
(T/F) The hard and soft palate have no lamina musclaris.
A
True - propria submucosa
20
Q
What are the salivary glands in the hard palate & soft palate called?
A
palatine glands
21
Q
The tunica mucosa of the soft palate has what tissue type epithelium on the orophyarngeal surface? Nasopharyngeal surface?
A
Oro: non-keratinized stratified squamous
Naso: ciliated pseudostratified columnar
22
Q
The tunica muscularis of the soft palate is (smooth/skeletal/both).
A
skeletal
23
Q
In which structure do you need to suture the dorsal and ventral surface layers separately?
A
tongue
24
Q
Tongue epithelium tissue type
A
keratinized stratified squamous
25
Lingual papillae of the tongue can be _____ or ____.
gustatory or mechanical
26
Tunica muscularis of the tongue is made of (skeletal/smooth/both) and highly vascular.
skeletal
27
2 types of mechanical papillae
filiform
conical
28
3 types of gustatory papillae (taste buds)
fungiform
vallate
foliate
29
Name the papillae that are at the root of the tongue and lined with keratinized stratified squamous.
Conical
30
What are conical papillae called in ruminants?
lenticular
31
Name the papillae that cover most of the tongue and made of keratinized stratified squamous.
Filiform
32
Match filiform papillae to species:
projecting cone w/ secondary papillae
large caudal projections
flat with cornified threads
1. ruminant
2. feline
3. equine
33
Name the papillae type that is on the dorsal surface of the tongue and made of non-keratinized stratified squamous.
fungiform
34
Name the papillae type that is largest and on the lateral surface of sulcus. Made of either keratinized or non-keratinized stratified squamous.
Vallate
35
Which type of glands are present in vallate and foliate papillae?
gustatory glands
36
Name the papillae type that is on the lateral surface of tongue folds and made of non-keratinized stratified squamous.
Foliate
37
What are the 3 cell types in taste buds?
neuroepithelial taste cells
sustentacular cells
basal cells
38
Which taste bud cell type gives rise to the other cell types?
basal cells
39
Salivary gland composition
water
electrolytes
mucous
antibacterial/antifungal/antiviral compounds
enzymes
40
K + bicarbonate in salivary glands are (higher/lower) than plasma concentration while Na + Cl are (higher/lower) than plasma concentration
higher
lower
41
Name the major salivary glands
parotid
mandibular
sublingual
42
Name a few minor salivary glands
zygomatic
molar
lingual
gustatory
buccal
palatine
43
What is the prefix used for salivary gland problem
sialo
44
Salivary glands is a (simple/compound) and (endocrine/exocrine) gland.
compound exocrine
45
What are the duct types in salivary glands in order? (5)
intercalated duct
intralobular duct / striated
interlobular duct
lobar ducts
main excretory duct
46
Secretory units with a small lumen
acinar
47
Secretory unit with a large lumen
alveolar
48
What are demilunes?
intermixed secretory products within one acinus
most common organization of seromucous glands
49
Parotid Salivary Gland has (serous/mucous/mixed) secretory products and are ____ _____ glands.
serous
compound acinar
50
Mandibular Salivary Gland has (serous/mucous/mixed) secretory products and are _____ ____ glands.
mixed
compound tubuloacinar
51
Which salivary gland type has canaliculi?
mandibular salivary gland
52
What kind of ducts in salivary gland have low cuboidal epithelium?
intercalated ducts
53
What kind of ducts in salivary gland are prominent?
intralobular/striated ducts
54
What kind of ducts in salivary gland have stratified cuboidal/columnar epithelium?
interlobular
55
What kind of ducts have stratified columnar epithelium + goblet cells?
main excretory duct
56
Two types of teeth
brachydont
hypsodont
57
What kind of teeth are all equine, ruminant cheek teeth, boar tusks, and incisors of rabbits/rodents?
hypsodont
58
Hypsodont teeth have no defined _____ and _____ covers entire tooth body.
crown
cementum
59
What kind of tooth is in all carnivores, incisors of ruminants, porcine teeth ex. tusks?
brachydont
60
Brachydont teeth have a defined crown with _____ and roots covered by ____.
enamel
cementum
61
What is the hardest substance in the body?
enamel
62
What produces enamel?
ameloblasts
63
(T/F) You can regenerate enamel.
False - ameloblasts lost when teeth erupts
64
Composition of enamel
99% mineral
1% organic
65
Composition of dentin
70% mineral
collagen matrix
66
What is dentin produced by?
odontoblasts
67
Dentin is beneath what 2 structures?
enamel + cementum
68
What structure is modified bone?
cementum
69
What produces cementum?
cementocytes
70
During brachydont tooth development, oral (endoderm/mesoderm/ectoderm) invaginate to form ______.
ectoderm
dental lamina
71
When is the inner epithelial layer ONLY called ameloblasts?
when you can see the substance it produces
72
Instead of teeth, avians have _____.
beak covered with keratin
73
What bone is present in the avian tongue?
entoglossal bone
74
What type of salivary glands are present in the avian buccal cavity?
simple branched tubular
75
What kind of epithelium lines the avian buccal cavity?
keratinized stratified squamous
76
What type of epithelium is in T. mucosa of esophagus (dog/cat/human)?
nonkeratinized stratified squamous
77
What type of epithelium is in the T. mucosa of esophagus (horse/ruminants/bird)?
keratinized stratified squamous
78
The lamina propria of the esophagus is made of loose connective tissue with ____ and ____ fibers.
collagen
elastic
79
What glands are present in the lamina propria of the avian esophagus?
simple branched, tubuloalveolar = mucosal glands (cuz in T. mucosa)
80
(T/F) Simple branched, tubuloalveolar glands are present in the lamina propria of the avian crop (a diverticulum of the esophagus).
FALSE
81
What distinguishes the avian esophagus from crop and mammalian esophagus?
presence of mucosal glands in lamina propria
82
Lamina muscularis of esophagus has a (circular/longitudinal) smooth muscle layer.
longitudinal
83
What species have an absent lamina muscularis in the cranial end of the esophagus?
dog, pig
84
(T/F) All species have a lamina muscularis at the caudal end of the esophagus.
True
85
_________ glands are within the tunica submucosa of the esophagus.
seromucous (compound, tubuloalveolar)
86
Which species has seromucous glands present throughout the T. submucosa of the esophagus?
canine
87
Which species has seromucous glands only in the cranial half of the esophagus (t. submucosa)?
porcine
88
Which species (2) does the esophagus not have submucosal glands?
ruminants
avian
89
Where are seromucous glands of the T. submucosa of esophagus located in species other than dog/pig/ruminant?
pharyngoesophageal junction
90
T. muscularis of the esophagus has 2 layers: inner (longitudinal/circular) and outer (longitudinal/circular)
circular
longitudinal
91
Which 2 species have 100% striated muscle and 0% smooth of the T. muscularis of esophagus?
ruminant
canine
92
Which species has 80/20 split of striated vs. smooth muscle in the T. muscularis of esophagus?
feline (cranial)
93
Which species has 66/33 split of striated vs. smooth muscle of T. muscularis of esophagus?
equine (cranial)
94
Which species' esophagus (T. muscularis) has almost all skeletal muscle cranially, but predominantly smooth caudally?
porcine
95
Which two structures have 100% smooth muscle in the T. muscularis?
avian esophagus
avian crop
96
The esophagus has a T. serosa (cranially/caudally) and a T. adventitia (cranially/caudally).
caudal
cranial
97
The avian crop is also known as what?
esophageal diverticulum
98
Epithelium of avian crop is thicker, made of _______ tissue type.
keratinized stratified squamous
99
(T/F) All birds have mucous glands in the avian crop.
False - only some birds
ID will NOT include them!
100
Function of avian crop
moisten + macerate food
101
The epithelium in the esophageal-stomach junction goes from ______ to ______.
stratified squamous --> simple columnar
102
T. muscularis of esophageal-stomach junction goes through ____ muscle (dog/ruminant) --> _____ muscle.
striated --> smooth
103
What distinguishes the esophageal-stomach junction from the recto-anal canal junction?
absence of goblets cells in stomach (present in rectum)
104
Which species has the best developed nonglandular stomach?
ruminant
105
What are the 2 types of stomachs?
non-glandular
simple glandular
106
What two structures are seen in simple glandular stomach? (1 macro, 1 micro)
rugae (macro)
gastric pits (micro)
107
Which two micro structures are present in all regions of the glandular stomach?
gastric pits
gastric glands
108
Epithelium of T. mucosa of glandular stomach
simple columnar (secretory/mucous)
109
Lamina muscularis of glandular stomach has ___ layers of (striated/smooth) muscle.
3
smooth
110
Which layer of the glandular stomach has gastric glands?
lamina propria
111
In the T. submucosa of the glandular stomach, glands are only present where?
at junction w/ duodenum
112
The T. muscularis of glandular stomach has ___ layers of all (striated/smooth) muscle.
3
smooth
113
What are the 3 orientations/layers of smooth muscle in the T. muscularis of glandular stomach?
inner oblique
middle circular
outer longitudinal
114
What are the 4 regions of the stomach defined by their type of gland?
1. non-glandular
2. cardiac region
3. fundic region
4. pyloric region
115
What kind of glands are present in the cardiac gland region of the stomach?
branched, coiled tubular glands
116
Cardiac gland region has (short/deep) gastric pits and (short/deep) gastric glands.
short
deep
117
How are nuclei of mucous glands in cardiac stomach oriented?
round & centrally located
118
T. muscularis is (thicker/thinner) than pyloric region. Why?
thinner
pyloric has sphincter muscle
119
Fundic gland region (aka proper) has what kind of glands?
branched, straight tubular glands
120
What 4 cell types are seen in the fundic gland region?
chief cells
parietal cells
endocrine cells
mucous cells
121
Chief cells are (acidophilic/basophilic) and produce ______.
basophilic
pepsinogen
122
Parietal cells are (acidophilic/basophilic) and produce _____.
acidophilic
HCl (to activate pepsinogen)
123
Example of endocrine cell in the fundic gland region & its product
G cell - produce gastrin
124
Which 2 cell types predominant in the fundic gland region but are not there exclusively?
chief + parietal cells
125
What kind of glands are seen in the pyloric gland region?
branched, coiled tubular glands (short!)
126
What 2 cell types does the pyloric gland region have a few of?
parietal cells
endocrine cells
127
Pyloric gland region has (short/deep) gastric pits and (short/deep) gastric glands.
deep
short
128
What is the orientation of the nuclei of glands in the pyloric gland region?
"smooshed bugs"
flattened and at base of cells
129
T. muscularis of pyloric gland region tends to be (thinner/thicker) than cardiac region.
thicker
130
2 types of mucous cells
surface cells
mucous neck cells
131
What do surface cells secrete?
mucin
132
Function of mucous cells
lubricate epithelial surface
133
Mucous Neck cell location
neck of gland
134
What 3 substances do chief cells produce?
pepsinogen
rennin
gastric lipase
135
What enzyme leads to milk curdling?
rennin
136
HCl converts ____ into ____.
pepsinogen --> pepsin
137
Endocrine cell function in GI tract
produce hormones of Gi tract
138
What layer do endocrine cells secrete products into?
lamina propria --> blood stream
139
A cell product + function
glucagon
stim. hepatocytes
140
EC cell product (2) + function
serotonin, substance P
up peristalsis
141
ECL cells product + function
histamine
stim. HCl secretion
142
D cell product + function
somatostatin
inhibit hormone release
143
G cell product + function
gastrin
HCl release/motility
144
GL cell product + function
glicentin
stim. hepatocytes
145
VIP cell product + function
vasoactive intestinal peptide
stim. motility
146
What 4 things stimulate G cells to release gastrin?
1. stretch of stomach
2. neuronal stimulation
3. chemical (caffeine)
4. pH above 2
147
Fenestrated capillaries are present in which layer of the glandular stomach?
lamina propria
148
Blood supply to glandular stomach facilitates what 3 things?
1. absorb nutrients
2. maintain pH
3. hormonal transport
149
What are the two organs that function together like a simple stomach in avians?
proventriculus
ventriculus
150
Function of ventriculus
mash + grind ingesta
151
Function of proventriculus
secrete HCl + digestive enzymes
152
What structures make the epithelium of the avian proventriculus unique?
plicae --> form papillae
153
____ are folds separated by sulci/grooves in the avian proventriculus. _____ are a collection of them.
plicae
papillae
154
Lymphatic tissue is present in what layer of the avian proventriculus?
lamina propria
155
What kind of glands are within T. submucosa of the avian proventriculus?
compound tubuloalveolar glands
156
What cells are within the T. submucosa of the avian proventriculus?
oxynticopeptic cells
157
What 2 things do oxynticopeptic cells secrete?
HCl + digestive enzymes
158
How many layers are within the T. muscularis of the avian proventriculus?
3 (difficult to see separation)
159
What epithelium type is present in both proventriculus + ventriculus?
simple columnar
160
What kind of glands are present in the avian ventriculus T. mucosa?
branched tubular + simple cuboidal epithelium
161
Name for the cornified product secreted by epithelial cells in the T. mucosa of avian ventriculus
cuticle (or pellicle)
162
Function of cuticle (pellicle)
mash food
163
Unlike the T. submucosa in the proventriculus, the ventriculus is (glandular/non-glandular).
non-glandular
164
_____ muscle is in the T. muscularis of the ventriculus and surrounded by what?
smooth
dense white fibrous CT
165
The T. muscularis of the ventriculus is (thinner/thicker) than the proventriculus.
thicker
166
Lymphatic nodules are present in what part of the avian GI system?
small intestine
167
The avian large intestine has paired ______.
ceca
168
2 functions of ceca in the avian large intestine
water resorption
cellulose digestion
169
Avian cloaca has what 3 functions?
excretory
reproductive
immunological (cloacal bursa)
170
Ruminants have a glandular stomach called ______.
abomasum
171
(T/F) The ruminant abomasum is identical to the simple stomach of carnivores.
True - same cell types + glandular areas
172
What are the 3 stomach portions that make up the ruminant forestomach (non-glandular)?
1. rumen
2. reticulum
3. omasum
173
Rumen epithelium
keratinized stratified squamous
174
The T. mucosa of the rumen has ____ (extensions of the lamina propria).
papillae
175
All portions of the non-glandular stomach of ruminants have what epithelial lining?
keratinized stratified squamous
176
Which one of the 3 non-glandular stomachs of ruminants has no lamina muscularis of the T. mucosa?
rumen
177
The rumen's T. muscularis has an inner (longitudinal/circular) layer and an outer (longitudinal/circular) layer of ____ muscle.
circular
longitudinal
smooth
178
(T/F) Fermentation end products are absorbed throughout the forestomach, but mostly in the rumen.
True
179
Rumen epithelial cells are adapted for _____.
absorption
180
Rich capillary network + large intercellular spaces facilitate _______.
removal + uptake of volatile fatty acids
181
The reticulum's lamina muscularis has ___ cross sectional bundle(s) of ___ muscle.
single (1)
smooth
182
The lamina muscularis in the reticulum is present where?
in the apex of primary crests (tallest part of crests)
183
The T. muscularis of the reticulum has __ layers of ____ muscle oriented how?
2
smooth
oblique
184
Which part of the forestomach have epithelium that form laminae with horny papillae?
omasum
185
What is unique about the T. muscularis structure of omasum?
3 layers make a "sandwich"
lamina muscularis | inner circulator T. muscularis | lamina muscularis
also outer longitudinal
186
At the omasoabomasal fold, epithelium changes from _____ to _____.
keratinized stratified squamous --> simple columnar (secretory)
187
Digestion definition
food needs to be reduced to absorbable form
188
Absorption is when nutrients pass across _______.
intestinal epithelial cell
189
What are the 5 surface area modifications of the small intestine?
1. increased length
2. mucosal folds
3. villi
4. microvilli
5. glycocalyx
190
Small intestine T. mucosa epithelium
simple columnar + goblet cells
191
______ cells are present in the lamina propria of small intestine in some species.
Paneth cells
192
Are there mucosal glands in the small intestine? Submucosal glands?
both!
193
Disease where villi cells are lost (but can eventually regenerate)
parvovirus
194
___ layers in the lamina muscularis and T. muscularis with an inner (circular/longitudinal) and outer (circular/longitudinal) layer.
2
circular
longitudinal
195
What is another name for submucosal glands in the small intestine?
brunner's glands
196
Submucosal glands in the small intestine are (mucous/serous/seromucous).
can be any!
197
Purpose of lymphatic nodules in T. submucosa of small intestine
filter out bacteria/pathogens
198
(T/F) The small intestine is sutured with two layers separately.
False - sutured as single layer
199
What are simple columnar epithelial cells in the small intestine called?
absorptive cells
200
(T/F) There are fewer goblet cells in the small intestine than the large intestine.
True
201
______ is on the luminal surface of the small intestine which functions for absorption.
microvilli
202
What two organelles are prominent in the small intestine?
smooth ER
golgi
203
Enzymes on the ______ breakdown peptides/carbohydrates --> simple surgars and amino acids which enter the cell by ____ transporters.
glycocalyx
selective
204
What process do fats undergo during digestion?
emulsification
205
Fats are emulsified and packaged as _____ before entering the cell.
micelles
206
Fats are released in what structure?
chylomicrons
207
Chylomicrons (fats) are released into ______.
lymphatic system
208
What do you call a lymphatic vessels for fat absorption?
lacteals
209
The mucosal glands of the small intestine are (simple/complex) (coiled/branched) tubular glands.
simple branched tubular glands
210
Another name for intestinal glands (mucosal)
crypts of lieberkuhn
211
What 3 cell types are seen in the mucosal glands of the small intestine?
1. progenitor cells
2. paneth cells
3. endocrine cells
212
Function of progenitor cells
renewal of surface villi cells
213
Which species have paneth cells in the small intestine?
ruminants
horses
humans
214
What two things do paneth cells produce?
peptidases (digestive)
lysozyme (anti-bacterial)
215
What cell type in the small intestine are seen on special silver stain and also known as argentaffin cells?
endocrine cells
216
(T/F) Small intestine is highly vascular in the lamina propria.
True - nutrient absorption
217
(T/F) Both smooth muscle layers of the lamina muscularis of the small intestine protrude into villi.
False - only first layer
218
Function of inner circular layer of lamina muscularis protruding into villi (3)
1. shorten villi
2. pump lymph from lacteal
3. pump blood from capillaries
219
What glands are predominantly in duodenum but may be absent in other parts of small intestine?
submucosal glands of brunner
220
Match submucosal gland product to species:
dog/ruminants
pig/horse
cat
1. mucous
2. serous
3. seromucous
221
All domestic animals have an inner circular & outer longitudinal layer of the small intestine, except _____ which have an inner oblique (instead of outer longitudinal).
dog
222
What intrinsic innervation is between T. muscularis layers of small intestine?
myenteric plexus (auerbach)
223
Term for pacemaker cells that mediate input from extrinsic nervous system and determine GI contractions.
interstitial cells of cajal
224
Match contraction frequency (?/min) by segment:
stomach
duodenum
ileum
colon
stomach: 3 per min
duodenum: 12 per min
ileum: 10 per min
colon: 3 per min
225
What extrinsic innervation increases motility of small intestine?
PSNS cholinergics
226
What extrinsic innervation decreases motility of small intestine?
SNS adrenergics
227
(T/F) Large intestine has plicae circulares.
False
228
Identifying features of large intestine (3)
1. longitudinal folds
2. NO villi or plicae circulares
3. increase goblet cells (cecum)
229
______ layer of T. muscularis condenses to form thickened bands of smooth mucsle.
outer longitudinal
230
Term for thickened bands of smooth muscle in large intestine that helps with ID.
"taenia"
(taenia coli, taenia ceci)
231
Function of resident bacteria in small intestine.
makes vitamin B12 (animal cannot be produce on own)
232
Resident bacteria in small intestine are considered ____ since both animals and bacteria benefit.
symbionts
233
What term refers to "actual micro-organisms within small and large intestines"
gut microbiota
234
Gut microbiome: Total collection of gut microorganisms and their ______.
genetic material
235
Term for "disruptive changes in gut microbiota"
gut dysbiosis
236
In gut dysbiosis, bacteria can turn from symbionts to ______ and cause disease.
pathobionts
237
One result of gut dysbiosis
intestinal permeability (increasing intestinal leakiness = bacteria in blood)
238
Animals that lack gut microbiota are called ____.
germ-free
239
Animal that possess select known strains of bacteria & other microorganisms are ______.
gnotobiotic
240
In ruminants, rectal mucosa form longitudinal folds called _______.
rectal colummns
241
Canine, lymphatic nodules in the recto-anal canal junction form grossly visible depression called:
rectal pits
242
(T/F) The lamina muscularis continues throughout the recto-anal canal junction.
False - terminates
243
The inner circular layer of the T. muscularis becomes _________ and the longitudinal layer (continues/terminates).
internal anal sphincter
terminates
244
Recto-anal canal junction goes from _________ --> ________ epithelium.
simple columnar + goblet cells
nonkeratinized stratified squamous
245
3 regions of the anal canal
1. columnar zone
2. intermediate zone
3. cutaneous zone
246
Columnar zone of anal canal epithelium
nonkeratinized stratified squamous
247
Cutaneous zone of anal canal epithelium
keratinized stratified squamous + glands!
248
(T/F) Glands in the cutaneous zone of the anal canal are expressed by vets.
False
249
______ glands are the actual "anal glands" which are NOT expressed by vets and are only in the _____ zone.
apocrine
columnar
250
What 3 types of glands are in the cutaneous zone of the anal canal?
1. sweat
2. apocrine
3. circumanal
251
Which gland type in the anal canal do unneutered males often develop tumors on?
circumanal glands (perianal)
252
Anal sacs are bilateral evaginations of ___ between what 2 structures?
mucosa
internal + external anal sphincter Mm
253
The anal sac lumen is lined by ________ epithelium.
heavily keratinized stratified squamous
254
Glands of the anal sac secretory units in felines vs. canines
felines: sebaceous + apocrine
canine: pure apocrine
255
3 accessory glands of the GI system
liver, pancreas, gall bladder
256
All accessory glands of the GI system are (endocrine/exocrine) glands.
exocrine
257
Which two accessory glands of the GI system have endocrine functions?
liver + pancreas
258
The liver is divided in lobules by connective tissue and only obvious in what species?
pig
259
The parenchyma of the liver is composed of ________.
hepatocytes
260
Hepatocytes are (acidophilic/basophilic).
acidophilic
261
What is the structural definition of a liver lobule?
hepatic lobule
262
Hepatic lobules are _____ in shape, organized around a ______.
hexagonal
central vein
263
3/6 corners of hepatic lobules contain _____.
portal areas
264
What 5 structures are contained by portal areas in the liver?
1. portal V/venule
2. hepatic A/arteriole
3. bile duct
4. lymphatic vessel
5. unmyelinated nerve fibers
265
Any vein seen in the portal areas = _____ V.
portal
266
Porcine liver has well-developed _________.
interlobular connective tissue septa
267
What is the largest gland in the body?
liver
268
The liver is a _____ gland.
compound tubular
269
(T/F) Liver has exocrine & endocrine functions.
True
270
Liver is structurally and functionally between ___ and ___.
GI tract
caudal vena cava
271
Liver has dual blood supply via what two vessels?
portal vein
hepatic artery
272
Portal vein is enriched with ______ and the hepatic artery is enriched with ______. (dual blood supply --> liver)
nutrients
oxygen
273
Liver blood supply enters liver parenchyma at a _____ (visceral surface) and ____.
hilus
porta
274
Which hepatocytes receive the most oxygen rich blood in the liver? The least?
-closest to portal areas
-around central vein
275
Where does blood become mixed from the portal V and hepatic A?
sinusoidal capillaries
276
Venous supply order in liver
portal V --> interlobar Vv --> interlobular portal venules --> distributing venules --> sinusoidal capillaries
277
Venous drainage order (out via central vein)
sinusoids --> central ventral --> sublobular Vv --> collecting Vv --> hepatic V --> caudal vena cava
278
Which vein in the venous drainage system of the liver is first outside of the liver?
hepatic V
279
Any veins/venules within the portal areas are _____ veins/venules that provide nutrients to the liver.
portal
280
Term for "functional or metabolic definition centered around nutrient supply of the liver"
liver acinus
281
Liver acinus has 2 _____ and 2 _____.
portal areas
central veins
282
List functions of the liver
excretion
secretion
storage
synthesis
phagocytosis
detoxification
conjugation
esterification
metabolism
hemopoiesis
283
All functions of the liver are carried out by what 2 cell types?
hepatocytes
macrophages
284
Hepatocytes are arranged in ______ with sinusoids contacting at least two sides.
laminae (sheets)
285
Term for membrane invaginations of hepatocyte plasma membrane where bile first goes into liver
bile canaliculi
286
Bile flow in liver
bile canaliculi --> bile ductule --> bile ducts of portal area --> hepatic duct --> gall bladder
287
The bile duct is lined by ______ epithelium.
simple cuboidal
288
Which species do not have a gallbladder?
horses
rodents
289
Term for "functional, exocrine definition for liver lobule, centered around bile duct"
portal lobule
290
Portal lobule of the liver is _____ in shape with a _____ at its center.
triangular
portal area
291
Bile from __ hepatic lobules drains into the bile duct of __ portal area.
3
1
292
3 ways to define liver lobule
1. hepatic lobule
2. liver acinus
3. portal lobule
293
Definition of liver lobule based on structural arrangement
hepatic lobule
294
Definition of liver lobule based on nutrient supply
liver acinus
295
Definition of liver lobule based on bile flow
portal lobule
296
What cell type of the liver forms the sinusoid wall, NO basal lamina, and rests on microvilli of hepatocyte?
endothelial cells
297
What cell type in the liver is in sinusoid wall, monocytic, and tries to get rid of pathogens?
macrophages
298
2 types of macrophages in liver
1. kupffer cells
2. stellate macrophages
299
Term for "space between microvilli and endothelial cells in liver"
Space of Disse
300
_____ extend into the Space of Disse and made sinusoids leaky.
Kupffer cells (macrophages)
301
3 functions of the gall bladder
1. stores bile
2. concentrates bile
3. releases bile (stim. by CCK)
302
Gallbladder epithelium
simple columnar + microvilli
303
(T/F) The gallbladder has NO lamina muscularis.
True
304
Which species has simple tubuloalveolar glands in the lamina propria-submucosa of the gall bladder?
ruminants
305
T. muscularis of the gallbladder is made of ____ muscle and is mostly (circular/longitudinal).
smooth
circular
306
Does the gallbladder have a T. adventitia or T. serosa?
BOTH!
adventitia (facing liver)
serosa (facing peritoneal cavity)
307
(T/F) Goblet cells are prevalent in the gall bladder.
False - no goblet cells!
308
(T/F) The pancreas is a lobulated gland with a thin capsule.
True
309
3 hormones produced by pancreas
insulin
glucagon
somatostatin
310
Lymphatic organ in pancreas
pancreatic islets = Islets of Langerhans
311
4 digestive enzymes produced by pancreas
1. amylase
2. protease
3. lipase
4. nuclease
312
Acinar cells in the pancreas are (serous/mucous/seromucous) also known as ____ cells.
all serous
zymogen cells
313
Enzymes of pancreas by acinar cells are produced (active/inactive) form.
inactive
314
_____ cells line the acinar lumen of the pancreas and mark the beginning of the duct system.
centroacinar cells
315
When ____ is produced by ____ cells of the duodenum, centroacinar cells produce what?
secretin
S cells
bicarbonate ion
316
Pancreatic duct system flow
intercalated ducts --> intralobular ducts --> interlobular ducts --> pancreas duct + accessory pancreatic duct
