Exam 4: Respiratory System

Question 1

The conducting + conditioning airways are the from ______ to the ______.

Answer 1

Nasal Cavity –> Bronchioles

Question 2

What is the function of the conducting + conditioning airways?

Answer 2

get air to alveoli in a form which is optimal for gas exchange

Question 3

What two structures make up the intrapulmonary conducting + conditioning airways?

Answer 3

bronchi + bronchioles

Question 4

What are the 3 functions of alveoli?

Answer 4

Exchange O2/CO2 between blood/air
Acid-base balance
Convert Angiotensin I –> Angiotensin II

Question 5

What are the 2 parts of the nasal cavity?

Answer 5

nasal vestibule
nasal cavity proper

Question 6

What is the Nasal Vestibule + function?

Answer 6

initial part of nasal cavity
blocks debris from getting in

Question 7

What is the tissue type that lines the Nasal Vestibule? What does it transition to?

Answer 7

thin stratified squamous epithelium –> transitions to non-keratinized stratified squamous

Question 8

What tissue type + gland type is present in the dermis of the Nasal Vestibule?

Answer 8

Loose CT + serous glands

Question 9

What is the function of the serous glands in the nasal vestibule?

Answer 9

humidify dry, inspired air

Question 10

What structures are within the nasal cavity proper?

Answer 10

nasal conchae

Question 11

Nasal Conchae

Answer 11

thin scrolls of bone

Question 12

What two types of mucosa are within the Nasal Cavity Proper?

Answer 12

Tunica mucosa-submucosa
Olfactory Tunica mucosa

Question 13

What tissue type is considering the “Respiratory Epithelium”

Answer 13

Pseudostratified columnar w/ cilia + goblet cells

Question 14

What tissue type lines the tunica mucosa-submucosa of the nasal cavity proper?

Answer 14

Pseudostratified columnar w/ cilia + goblet cells

Question 15

The lamina propria-submucosa of the Tunica mucosa-submucosa of the nasal cavity proper is (avascular/vascular) with (seromucous/mucous/serous) glands.

Answer 15

vascular
seromucous

Question 16

Why is the lamina propria-submucosa vascular in the nasal cavity proper?

Answer 16

to transfer heat to warm inspired air

Question 17

What tunic covers conchae in the nasal cavity proper?

Answer 17

Olfactory tunica mucosa

Question 18

Where is smell detected?

Answer 18

olfactory tunica mucosa

Question 19

The olfactory tunica mucosa consists of olfactory epithelium made of _______ and lamina propria-submucosa.

Answer 19

pseudostratified columnar w/ cilia + goblet cells
and bipolar neurons

Question 20

Olfactory glands

Answer 20

serous glands in the lamina propria-submucosa of the olfactory tunica mucosa

Question 21

What is the olfactory nerve made up of?

Answer 21

nonmyelinated nerve fibers

Question 22

What 5 cell types are present within respiratory epithelium?

Answer 22

basal cells
ciliated cells
goblet cells
brush cells
unnamed cells

Question 23

Basal cell location

Answer 23

along basement membrane

Question 24

Basal cell function

Answer 24

replace other cell types

Question 25

Ciliated cell function

Answer 25

move mucous secreted by goblet cells to opening to rid of it

Question 26

Goblet cell function

Answer 26

secrete mucous

Question 27

Brush cells

Answer 27

flat, wide microvilli near sensory nerve endings

Question 28

Function of Brush Cells

Answer 28

sensory receptors for nervous sytem

Question 29

What structure is prominent in the "unnamed cells" of the respiratory epithelium?

Answer 29

smooth ER

Question 30

Function of unnamed cell

Answer 30

metabolize xenobiotic compounds detoxification

Question 31

What 2 cell types are unique to olfactory epithelium?

Answer 31

neurosensory cells sustentacular cells

Question 32

What are neurosensory cells?

Answer 32

bipolar neurons of the olfactory nerve

Question 33

List order of bronchial tree

Answer 33

Trachea --> primary bronchi --> lobar bronchi --> segmental bronchi --> bronchi

Question 34

What are the 3 tunics of the trachea/bronchi?

Answer 34

Tunica mucosa-submucosa Tunica musculocartilaginea Tunica adventitia

Question 35

What 2 cell types are unique to the tunica mucosa-submucosa of the trachea/bronchi?

Answer 35

Neuroendocrine cells Clara cells

Question 36

What is the function of clara cells?

Answer 36

produce phospholipid similar to surfactant reduce surface tension

Question 37

Lamina propria-submucosa of the tunica mucosa-submucosa of the trachea/bronchi have many _____ fibers and _____ glands.

Answer 37

elastic seromucous glands (tracheal)

Question 38

The tunica musculocartilaginea of the trachea/bronchi opens (ventrally/dorsally) and the _____ M attaches to the ends of the cartilage.

Answer 38

dorsally Trachealis M

Question 39

What tissue type is the tunica adventitia of the trachea/bronchi made of that blends in with surrounding connective tissue?

Answer 39

DICCT

Question 40

What changes with a decrease in size of bronchi? (4)

Answer 40

Decrease epithelial height Decrease seromucous glands Decrease cartilage Increase smooth muscle

Question 41

What two things are not present in bronchioles that allows them to differ from bronchi?

Answer 41

no cartilage no glands

Question 42

What tissue type makes up bronchioles? Which does it transition to?

Answer 42

simple columnar --> simple cuboidal

Question 43

Terminal Bronchiole

Answer 43

last purely conducting airway NO gas exchange!

Question 44

What two cell types are in terminal bronchioles?

Answer 44

ciliated cells clara cells (bronchiolar exocrine cells)

Question 45

Respiratory bronchiole

Answer 45

bronchiole w/ some alveoli = "transition zone"

Question 46

What does "transition zone" mean?

Answer 46

transitioning from conditioning airway to gas exchange airway

Question 47

Alveolar ducts

Answer 47

passageways lined with only alveoli

Question 48

Alveolar sacs

Answer 48

end clusters that terminate branch (end of airway)

Question 49

Function of Alveoli

Answer 49

gas exchange

Question 50

Alveolar pores

Answer 50

connection between alveoli where air can pass through

Question 51

Interalveolar septa

Answer 51

walls of alveolus

Question 52

What is the function of elastic in alveoli?

Answer 52

for passive gas exchange/exhalation

Question 53

What are 3 special cell types found in alveolar epithelium?

Answer 53

Type I cells Type II cells Alveolar macrophages

Question 54

Which cell type is most abundant in alveolar epithelium?

Answer 54

Type I cells

Question 55

What tissue type do Type I cells form?

Answer 55

simple squamous epithelium

Question 56

What do Type I cells rest on in alveoli?

Answer 56

continuous basement membrane

Question 57

What is another name for Type II cells?

Answer 57

Great Alveolar cells

Question 58

Type II cells are simple (squamous/cuboidal) cells.

Answer 58

Cuboidal

Question 59

Type II cell function

Answer 59

product surfactant --> reduce surface tension

Question 60

Alveolar Macrophage function

Answer 60

rid of debris that could cause inflammation/impede gas exchange

Question 61

Blood-Air Barrier

Answer 61

structures that gases have to pass through from blood to alveolar space

Question 62

What are the 3 parts of the Blood-Air Barrier?

Answer 62

Type I cells Basement membrane Capillary endothelium